python测试开发django-62.基于类的视图(APIView和View)
前言
django中编辑视图views.py有两种方式，一种是基于类的实现，另外一种是函数式的实现方式，两种方法都可以用。
REST框架提供了一个APIView类，它是Django View类的子类。
View与APIView的区别
View是Django默认的视图基类，APIView是REST framework提供的所有视图的基类, 继承自Django的View。
APIView与View的不同之处在于：
传入到视图方法中的是REST framework的Request对象，而不是Django的HttpRequeset对象；
视图方法可以返回REST framework的Response对象，视图会为响应数据设置（render）符合前端要求的格式；
任何APIException异常都会被捕获到，并且处理成合适的响应信息；
APIException异常捕获
在进行dispatch()分发前，会对请求进行身份认证、权限检查、流量控制。
django的View部分源码
class View:
"""
Intentionally simple parent class for all views. Only implements
dispatch-by-method and simple sanity checking.
"""
http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
"""
Constructor. Called in the URLconf; can contain helpful extra
keyword arguments, and other things.
"""
# Go through keyword arguments, and either save their values to our
# instance, or raise an error.
for key, value in kwargs.items():
setattr(self, key, value)
REST framework的APIView继承了django的View，部分源码如下
class APIView(View):
# The following policies may be set at either globally, or per-view.
renderer_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES
parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES
authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES
throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES
permission_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES
content_negotiation_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS
metadata_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS
versioning_class = api_settings.DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS
# Allow dependency injection of other settings to make testing easier.
settings = api_settings
schema = DefaultSchema()
APIView多了一些属性和方法，比如：身份认证、权限检查、流量控制
authentication_classes 身份认证
permission_classes 权限检查
throttle_classes 流量控制
django的View
先使用django自带的view，获取一个Card表里面的卡号信息：
models.py设计card表
# models.py
class Card(models.Model):
'''银行卡 基本信息 # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713'''
card_id = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="卡号", default="")
card_user = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="姓名", default="")
add_time = models.DateField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="添加时间")
class Meta:
verbose_name_plural = '银行卡账户'
verbose_name = "银行卡账户_基本信息"
def __str__(self):
return self.card_id
views.py视图的编写
from django.http import JsonResponse
from rest_framework import serializers
from django.core import serializers as dj_serializers # 避免和rest_framework里面的serializers冲突
from .models import *
from django.views.generic.base import View
import json
# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713
class CardListView(View):
'''基于django的view实现获取card列表'''
def get(self, request):
data = {}
cards = Card.objects.all()
data['result'] = json.loads(dj_serializers.serialize("json", cards))
return JsonResponse(data)
urls.py设置访问地址
from apiapp import views
from django.conf.urls import url
# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^api/v1/cards/$', views.CardListView.as_view()),
]
访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/cards/,测试结果
REST framework的APIView
REST framework的APIView继承了django的View类，先序列化Card类，这里的序列化用rest_framework里面的ModelSerializer
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import *
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated,AllowAny
from rest_framework.authentication import TokenAuthentication
# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713
class CardAPISerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): # 继承自ModelSerializer类
'''序列化数据的类，根据model表来获取字段'''
class Meta:
model = Card
fields = '__all__'
class CardListAPIView(APIView):
'''REST framework的APIView实现获取card列表 # 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713'''
# authentication_classes = (TokenAuthentication,) # token认证
# permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,) # IsAuthenticated 仅通过认证的用户
permission_classes = (AllowAny,) # 允许所有用户
def get(self, request, format=None):
"""
Return a list of all users.
"""
cards = Card.objects.all()
serializer = CardAPISerializer(cards, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
配置urls.py,设置访问地址
from apiapp import views
from django.conf.urls import url
# 作者：上海悠悠，QQ交流群：750815713
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^api/v1/cardlist/$', views.CardListAPIView.as_view()),
]
访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/cardlist/,测试结果