这两个词都意为“一点儿”有时可以互换,但有时不能。Ⅰ. 二者作程度副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或比较级时,意义相同,为“一点儿” “有些”。如:① I am a bit / a little hungry. 我有点饿。② He walked a bit / a little slowly. 他走路有点慢。① A little / bit is enough for me. 我有一点儿就够了。② I know only a little / a bit about her. 我对她的情况只了解一点。Ⅲ. a little 可直接修饰名词;a bit 后须加 of 才可以。如:①. There is a little water in the bottle.= There is a bit of water in the bottle.[注意] a little of 后的名词通常特指,表“……中的一些”,如:①May I have a little of your tea?Ⅳ. 否定形式 not a little 作状语,相当于very/ quite, “很”, “非常”;作定语和宾语时,相当于much, 意为 “许多”。而 not a bit 作状语时,相当于not at all, 意为“一点也不”,作宾语时则相当于not much.Eg: ① He is not a little (=very) hungry. 他饿极了。② He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry. 他一点也不饿。③ She ate not a little (=much). 她吃得很多。Ⅴ. Not a bit 中的not 可以分开使用;not a little 中的not 则不能分开。Eg:① He felt not a bit tired.= He didn’t feel a bit tired. 他觉得一点也不累。② He felt not a little tired. 他觉得非常累。但不能说:He didn’t fell a little tired.2. a few/ few/ a little/ littleⅠ. a few 和 few 修饰可数名词,a little 和 little 修饰不可数名词;a few 和 a little 表示肯定意义,few 和 little 表示否定意义,可受 only 修饰。如:① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.③ There is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some?④ Don’t worry, we have a little time left.Ⅰ. about “关于”表示的内容较为普通或指人时用它。侧重于叙事,多用于叙述个人经历和事迹,故事内容涉及一些较浅的问题。是非正式用语。Ⅱ. on “关于”侧重于论述政治理论,国际形势,学术报告等。也就是说,当表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的或学术性的可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读时用。eg: This is a text book on African history. 这是一本关于非州历史的教科书。Ⅱ. above 着重指:在……上方,不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为:below.① The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升到了地平线上。② The airplane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。Ⅲ. over 表盖在……上面,或铺在……上面。此时不能用 above 代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为under.① Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布铺在桌子上。① The book is on the desk.② There is an oil painting on the wall. 墙上有一幅油画。Ⅴ. upon 也含有和表面相接触的意思。与 on 没有多大的区别,但较正式,口语中较少用。① He laid his hand upon the boy’s head. 他把手放在孩子的头上。[注意] up 与以上几个不同,它表示向上方或高处,含有由下而上,由低而高的意思。常和表示运动的动词连用。作副词时,表示在上方或高处。① We run up a hill. 我们跑上山。② The plane was high up in the air.飞机在高空中。5. accident/ incident “事故”Ⅰ. accident 可以表示事故,指不幸的意外事件。也表偶然的事件。① Twenty people were killed in the railway accident② He met with an accident. 这完全是偶然的事。Ⅱ. incident 的意思是事件,尤指与较重大的事件相比,显得不重要的事件。它还可以表引起国际争端或战争的事件。① It is a quite common incident. 这是很普通的事。② The Lugouqiao incident accrued on July 7th, 1937. 卢沟桥事件发生于1937年7月7日。
Ⅰ. accept “接受”,表示其行为是由主观意愿决定的。① I accepted it without question. 我毫无疑问地接受了它。② We have accepted his proposal. 我已接受了他的建议。Ⅱ. receive “接到、收到、受到”表示其行为与主观意愿无关。如:① I received a letter from him. 我收到了他的来信。② He received the present, but he did not accept. 他收到了礼物,但没有接受下来。③ He received a good education.他受到了良好的教育。[注意] 在表示接待、接见时,通常用 receive, 而不用 accept.如:We often receive foreign guests. 我们经常接待外宾。【轻松收纳,书本不乱】绘本收纳盒儿童绘本牛津树中小学生放书籍整理神器书箱架筐透明储物盒宝宝书立阅读架书架
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Ⅰ. at hand“在手边;在附近;即将到来”如:① When he writes, he always keeps a dictionary at hand. 他写东西时,手边总有一本字典。② Spring is at hand. 春天就要来了。Ⅱ. in hand “在手中的;现有的”引申为:“在掌握中;在处理中”。如:① I have 100 yuan in hand. 我手头有100元钱。② The police immediately had the situation in hand. 警方立即控制了局势。8. accurate/ exact/ correctⅠ. accurate “准确、精确” 不仅表无错误,且表细心,谨慎地做到符合标准,符合事实或真象。如:① Clocks in railway stations must be accurate.火车站的钟必须准确。② The figures are not accurate.这些数字不精确。Ⅱ. exact “精确、确切”强调完全符合标准,符合事实或真象,丝毫没有差错。它这三个中语意最强。如:① His translation is exact to the letter. 他的翻译翻译确切。② Your description is not very exact.你的描述不很确切。Ⅲ. correct. “正确”指按照一定的标准或规则,而没有错误。在这有一个词中,它的语意最弱。① His answer is correct. 他的回答是正确的。② The thing turned out to be correct. 事情结果是对的。Ⅰ. ache 通常指一种持续的隐痛。 它可以与表身体某部分的词,组成复合词。如:① Where is the ache? 哪里痛?② I have a headache (stomachache, toothache atc).Ⅱ. pain 是普通用语。不含持续痛的意味,尤指一种突然的剧痛。除指肉体上的外,还指精神的痛苦。如:① I feel a great deal of pain. 我感到非常痛。② He cried with pain. 他痛得直叫。③ I have a pain in the arm. 我手臂痛。④ I have pains all over. 我浑身痛。⑤ It gave us much pain to learn of the sad news. 听到不幸的消息很悲痛。10. across/ through/ overⅠ. across “横过、穿过”,指从……的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如:① I swam across the river. 我游过这条河(指从此岸到彼岸)② Let’s help push the car across the bridge.我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。Ⅱ. through “穿过、通过”指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过,含义与in有关。如:① We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。Ⅲ. over “横过、跨越”指横过道路、河流等“细长物”时,与 across 通用。Over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳(飞)越,但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用 across.① She went across / over the bridge.② He jumped across / over the stream他跳过了小溪。③ She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游过了多佛尔海峡。④ They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。另外,over作介词还有“翻过……”的意思,如:climb the mountain 翻过那座山。
动词不定式 (to do sth) 与动词的 -ing 形式,都是非谓语动词。一般地, 不定式表示:具体的,某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的 -ing 形式则表示:抽象的,一般地,具有普遍性的,或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作:主语,宾语,定语,状语,宾补等。如:① I like swimming, but I don’t like to go today. 我喜欢游泳,但今天我不想去。[注意]:下列动词接 to do sth.和 doing sth 的不同意义:Ⅰ. for “向……”,接在 leave, start, depart 等动词之后,表方向。如:① She is leaving for Beijing. 她将动身到北京去。Ⅱ. towards 仅表“方向”,比for 的意味要强。如:① He is coming towards the house. 他向这房子走来。Ⅲ. to “向,朝……”表目的地。接在动词 come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如:① Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer. 让咱们乘船去杨州吧!② Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 当他回英国不久后,他的父亲便去世了。学霸笔记初中语文数学全国通用版全9科
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二者都是动词,treat 意为“治疗”,强调用药物或医疗手段医治的过程,并不表示治疗了效果。heal 意为“治愈”,指医好伤病。如:① The dentist is treating his teeth.牙医在为他治牙。② The doctor healed my burns. 医生治好了我的烧伤。14. used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/Ⅰ. used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”(现在不做了),只用于过去时态。如:① He used to get up early.过去他常早起。(现在已不这样了)② Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday.她母亲过去常在周五去购物,但现在她周日去了。Ⅱ. be used to (doing) sth. “习惯于做某事”,be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。be可用 get, become 等代替。如:① He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。Ⅲ. be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”, be used 是被动语态结构,其中不定式表目的,可用于多种时态。如:① Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。[注意]:used to 的否定式有两种:一是:used not to 二是:didn’t use to 如:① My father used not to smoke.= My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。② They used not to live in the country.= They didn’t use to live in the country.其疑问式是将used 提前,或添加助动词 did.Ⅳ.would 是情态动词,没有象used to那样,有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。Ⅰ. right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如:① Mike lives right opposite the street.麦克就住在街对面。② There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有块在石头。③ Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在这儿出事的。④ She’ll be right back. 她马上就回来。Ⅱ. just 作为副词,常用在祈使句前以加强语气。如:① Just think of the result. 试想一下后果吧。③ Just wait a moment, please.请稍等。Ⅲ. very 作为形容词,常与 the, this 或 my, your 等连用,以加强语气,表“正是那个”“恰好的”等。如:① You are the very person I’m looking for.= You are the right person … 你正是我要找的人。② The two men fought on this very spot.= right in this place 那两个男子就是在这个地方打起来的。
此两者都是表建议的句型,一般可以代换。类似的还有:Ⅰ. why not “好的、可以呀、为什么不可以呢?”如:①--Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? –Why not?② Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去问一问你的老师呢?① --I won’t see the film again. – Why not?Ⅱ. why don’t 是一种友好的建议(a friendly suggestion).无论在什么场合,使用起来十分亲切。后面接主语。如:① Why don’t you go swimming? 为什么不去游泳呢?② Why don’t I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我给莉莉一些彩笔,好吗?Ⅰ. job “工作”,既可指固定的工作,也可指临时的或某项具体的工作,是可数名词,前面可用不定冠词 a, 也可以有复数形式。如:① John lost his job. John失业了。② There were just not enough jobs. 没有那么多的工作(可干)。③ Tom’s father is looking for a job. 汤姆的爸爸正在找工作。Ⅱ.work 是个普通用词,泛指一切工作,是不可数名词。如:① I have a lot of work to do this evening. 我今晚有很多工作要做。② A teacher’s work is teaching.老师的工作就是教学。take a part-time/ full-time job in a department store18. work at/ work on/ work outⅠ. work at 与 work on 都可以作“从事于”,后接名词、代词、或动词 -ing 形式作宾语。work at 侧重于表示所从事的工作和性质,而不在于说明正在做什么。此时可将work at 译为“学习,研究,写作,致力于”等。如:① They have worked at this subject for many years. 他们研究这个课题已经有好多年了。② He is working at a new invention. 他正致力于一项新的发明。【开学必备】错题本创意纠错本练习本子语文数学英语作业本学生a5笔记本
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Ⅱ. work on 侧重于表示“从事某项工作”。可将它译为“造;创作;画;做……”。宾语为其具体的对象。常用于进行时态和完成时态。还可表示:“继续工作;对…起作用”如:① We’re working on some wood-cuts. 他们正在创作一些木刻作品。② He has been working on this painting for days. 这张画他已画了好些天了。③ They will work on till sunset. 他们将继续工作,直到日落。④ This medicine will work on the affected part. 这药能对患部起作用。Ⅰ.worth可用作名词或形容词,作名词时,意为“价值”,无复数形式;也可解作“值一定金额的数量”如:① Nobody knew the true worth of his work. 没有人知道他的工作的真实价值。② Give me one yuan’s worth of apples. 给我一元钱的苹果。▲ worth 作形容词时,只能用作表语,不能作定语,其后常跟钱数或相当于钱的词,表示:“值多少钱”;跟动词的-ing 形式,表示“值得(做)……”。如:③ The dictionary is worth 5 yuan. 这本字典值5元钱。④ The play is worth seeing. 这场戏值得一看。Ⅱ.worthy 是形容词,意为“值得”,主要用作表语,后跟of , 再接名词或动词-ing 的被动形式。worthy 后也可跟不定式。如表被动意思须接不定式的被动语态。如:① She is worthy of help. 她值得帮助。② The watch is worthy of being bought. 这块表值得买③ The question is worthy to be discussed. 这个问题值得讨论。20. affair/matter/businessⅠ. affair “事、事情、事务”它的涵义最广,可指已经发生或必须做的任何事情, 也可泛指事务(通常用算数,指重大或头绪较多的事务)。如:① The railway accident was a terrible affair.那次火车事故是件可怕的事。② That’s my affair, not yours. 那是我的事, 不是你的。③ We should concern ourselves with state affairs. 我们要关心国家大事。Ⅱ. matter “事、事情” 是普通用语,常指我们所写到或谈到的事情,要考虑和处理的事情。如:① This is a matter I know little about. 这件事我不大知道。② I’ll ask some one about the matter.关于这件事我将去问问人。③ There are several matters to be considered. 有几件事情要考虑。[注意]:在口语中,be the matter 相当于 be wrong, 表发生了失常的事或出了毛病等意思。如:① What’s the matter? 怎么啦?② What’s the matter with you? 你怎么啦?Ⅲ. business “生意、商业”产普通用语。它表“事情、事务”时,往往指一种任务、责任或必须去做的事。此外,它有时还含有轻蔑的意味。如:① We don’t do much business with them. 我们跟他们没有多少生意来往。② It is a teacher’s business to help his pupils. 帮助学生是教师的责任。③ He made it his business to fetch water for a granny. 他把为一位老大娘挑水当作自己的事。④ It’s not your business.这不是你的事。[注意]:这三个词有时可通用,但不能任意替换。如:Mind your own business.少管闲事。这里的 business 可用 affairs 替换,但不能用 matters.
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