周立新教授:腹腔内念珠菌感染日益常见 手把手教你诊断和治疗
一、腹腔内念珠菌感染的临床表现、生存率独立预测因子…
IAC的临床表现主要包括腹腔脓肿(45%~55%)、继发性腹膜炎(30%~35%)、原发性腹膜炎(5%~10%)、感染性胰腺坏死(5%)、胆囊炎/胆管炎(3%~5%),分别有83%和66%的继发性腹膜炎和脓肿系胃肠道来源[2-5]。IAC患者的术后腹膜炎发生率、APACHE Ⅱ评分、气管切开术、筋膜裂开及吻合口漏等并发症发生率更高,与非真菌感染患者相比,其机械通气时间更长、死亡率更高。IAC患者在普通病房的死亡率为13.6%~28%,而ICU的死亡率较普通病房明显升高,高达30%~56%[2-8,12,13]。年龄、腹腔内脓肿形成、疾病严重程度、早期感染源控制与抗真菌治疗时机和药物等的应用是IAC患者生存率的独立预测因子。
二、临床症状体征多不特异 如何早期确诊IAC?
但广谱抗生素使用、免疫抑制疗法、制酸药、营养不良、放化疗、手术损伤、肠道准备,以及全静脉营养导致肠道黏膜萎缩,肠道菌群失调,均有利于念珠菌的增殖及其后的肠道定植[19-25]。当胃肠穿孔发生在念珠菌定植的肠道时,大量的假丝酵母被释放到腹膜内,脓毒症疾病过程又导致病原体清除减慢,而持续的胃肠外营养加重了包括念珠菌在内的肠道菌群的移位,这些病理生理的变化对深入研究IAC的诊断与治疗具有重要意义。
三、鱼油脂肪乳替代治疗应用前景广 不良反应有争议
(1)益生菌预防真菌感染:定植是IAC发展至关重要的一步,当胃肠穿孔发生在念珠菌定植的肠道时,大量的念珠菌被释放到腹膜内[26]。而念珠菌不在非定植肠道释放时IAC不会发生,因此,管理不致病的活细菌或真菌菌株(益生菌),可以作为一个有效预防腹腔真菌感染的工具。益生菌预防真菌感染,是直接通过与病原微生物竞争和间接通过增强肠道的功能障碍来实现的[27]。未来需通过随机临床试验来评估益生菌在IAC的预防和管理中是否安全、廉价、有效。
(2)棘白菌素预防性抗真菌治疗:尽管经验性抗真菌治疗在ICU中普遍使用,但是否能够改善预后尚不清楚。Timsit等[28]探讨经验性使用卡泊芬净能否增加28天时无侵袭性真菌感染患者比例的研究与另一项预防性抗真菌治疗研究[29]的结果相似,证明棘白菌素类药物不能有效预防在ICU腹腔感染患者外科术后侵袭性念珠菌感染。但相关研究指出,应用卡泊芬净不仅可杀真菌,还可提高混合感染重症患者的生存率[30]。基于以上的多种原因,应考虑将棘白菌素类药物作为IAC患者的首选。

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