中国城市建设的无名英雄——农民工的养老问题 | 经济学人精讲第481期

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本文选自《经济学人》11月30日刊文章。中国有2.88亿农民工,他们背井离乡,来到陌生的大城市,为城市的建设乃至中国的发展做出了巨大贡献。他们的打工史已有30年,现在他们渐渐变老,第一批打工者已经超过50岁,到了快退休的年龄。然而他们不能像城市职工一样,可以享受每月平均2600元的退休金,他们把自己的青春、心血全部奉献给大城市后,垂垂老矣的他们不得不返乡,每个月只能领取平均177元的国家面向城乡居民的养老补贴。他们被称为“lost generation”(失落的一代)。之前也讲过中国经济发展的“无名英雄”——长途汽车司机,中国的发展离不开这些默默付出的人,他们虽然默默无闻,但不应被忘记,更不应被亏待。

由于篇幅较长,本文节选全文重点段落进行精讲。

选文精讲

Chaguan 茶馆
The migrants who made China an industrial giant
让中国成为工业巨头的外来工
EVEN IN A China filled with the shiny and the new, the southern city of Guangzhou stands out. A generation ago it was a smoggy, sweltering sprawl of factories and workshops, a bit embarrassed by its history as a semi-colony of Western powers, who knew it as Canton. Now Guangzhou aspires to be a hub of global commerce. It boasts the 600-metre tall Canton Tower, an opera house designed by Zaha Hadid and high-speed trains that can reach Beijing, 2,300km to the north, in just eight hours. Yet Guangzhou’s rise had human costs.
  • sweltering: 闷热的
  • hotbed: 温床
  • fall through: 失败、落空

即使是在充满了光鲜亮丽的中国,南方城市广州也很突出。一代人以前,这里烟雾缭绕,到处是闷热的工厂和作坊,有点尴尬的是它在历史上曾是西方列强的半殖民地,这里被称为广州。如今,广州渴望成为全球商业中心。它拥有600米高的广州塔,一座由扎哈·哈迪德设计的歌剧院,以及可以在8小时内到达北京的2300公里的高铁。然而,广州的崛起也付出了人力代价。

China’s migrant workers, who for 30 years have left inland villages and townships for coastal boomtowns, are growing old. Their average age is now over 40. Nearly a quarter are over 50. The latest national survey on living conditions of the urban and rural elderly, published in 2018 on the orders Central Committee, describes startling inequalities. About 100m retired Chinese covered by the unified basic urban pension system, to which most full-time urban workers contribute, received average monthly benefits of 2,600 yuan ($369) in 2016. But about 150m retirees had to make do with a state pension scheme open to both urban and rural residents. They received on average 117 yuan ($17) a month, a pittance even in a poor region.
  • pittance: 小额施舍、少量津贴

中国的外来工离开了内陆的村庄和乡镇,来到沿海的新兴城镇有30年了,现在他们正在变老。他们的平均年龄现在超过40岁,有近四分之一的人超过了50岁。中央委员会于2018年发布了最新的《全国城乡老年人生活状况调查报告》,报告描述了惊人的不平等现象。2016年,全国约有1亿退休人员享受城市基本养老保险,其中大部分是城市的全职职工,每月平均领取2600元(369美元),但约有1.5亿退休人员不得不接受面向城乡居民的国家养老金计划。他们平均每月领取117元(17美元),即使在一个贫困地区,这点钱也只是九牛一毛。

 

         

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