笔记《现代建造工法（MMC）简介》
The NHBC Foundation has been established by NHBC in partnership with the BRE Trust.It facilitates research and development, technology and knowledge sharing, and the capture of industry best practice. The NHBC Foundation promotes best practice to help builders, developers and the industry as it responds to the country’s wider housing needs.The NHBC Foundation carries out practical, high quality research where it is needed most,particularly in areas such as building standards and processes. It also supports house builders in developing strong relationships with their customers.
NHBC基金会是NHBC与英国BRE信托基金合作建立的。它促进了研究和开发、技术和知识共享，以及获取行业最佳实践。NHBC基金会促进最佳实践，以帮助建筑商、开发商和行业，以应对国家更广泛的住房需求。NHBC基金会在最需要的地方进行实用的、高质量的研究，特别是在建筑标准和流程等领域。它还支持房屋建筑商与客户建立牢固的关系。
本文发表于2006年，不过目前也大同小异，没有发生大的改变。
Introduction概述
Drivers for building with modern methods of construction 现代建筑方法的驱动因素
What are modern methods of construction? 什么是现代建筑方法?
Types of modern methods of construction 现代建筑方法的类型
How modern methods of construction fit into the construction process 现代施工方法如何适应施工过程
Procurement 采购
Annex: Roles and responsibilities of parties involved in off-site manufacture 附件:参与场外生产的各方的角色和责任
INTRODUCTION
概述
This guide is a concise reference tool that combines the experiences of architects, main contractors, engineers, warranty providers, manufacturers, and BRE who have applied modern methods of construction (MMC) successfully throughout the construction process. It provides guidance throughout all stages of a project from the development of the outline brief through to delivery on-site.
Although following the advice in this guide is not the only way to achieve a successful project,you will find valuable guidance here on most situations and commonly encountered problems.
本指南是一个简明的参考工具，结合了建筑师、主要承建商、工程师、保修供应商、制造商和建筑研究院的经验，他们成功地在整个施工过程中应用了现代施工方法(MMC)。它在项目的所有阶段提供指导，从大纲概要的发展到现场交付。尽管遵循本指南中的建议并不是实现成功项目的唯一方法，但您将在这里找到关于大多数情况和常见问题的有价值的指导。
Drivers for building with modern methods of construction
现代建筑方法的驱动因素
Shortage in housing supply住房供应短缺
Skills shortage技能工人的短缺
Concerns about housing quality提高房屋质量
Revisions to Building Regulations修订建筑规例
Environmental performance环保性能
WHAT ARE MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION?
什么是现代建造工法？
Modern methods of construction is a collective term used to describe a number of construction methods. The methods being introduced into UK house building differ significantly from so-called conventional construction methods such as brick and block.
现代施工方法是一个集合术语，用来描述一些施工方法。这种方法与所谓的传统建筑方法，如砖和砌块有很大的不同。
There is a great deal of debate within the industry at present about what constitutes MMC and as a result there is no universally agreed definition. In 2003 the Housing Corporation published a construction classification system (Box 1) that is used for its own purposes,which has been adapted by others.
目前，业内对MMC的定义存在很大争议，因此没有一个统一的定义。2003年，房地产协会发布了一个建筑分类系统(第1栏)，该系统是为其自身的目的而使用的，并已被其他公司采用。
1、场外制造-模块化
2、场外制造-板块式
3、场外制造-混合式
4、场外制造-组件装配式
5、非场外制造的现代建造方法
While it is recognised that a definition based on attributes such as efficiency and quality may be more logical, the fact remains that most MMC being constructed at present is subject to Housing Corporation grants, or is on English Partnership sites: in both cases their selection criteria use the Housing Corporation classification system. The information in this guide is therefore based on that system.
There are many other terms used in the context of MMC (see Box 2) but, in order to prevent confusion, they are not used in this guide.
虽然承认基于属性，如效率和质量，的定义可能更合适。但事实是，大多数MMC构造目前是受房地产公司资助,而且在大部分英语网站:在这两种情况下选择标准使用房地产公司分类系统。因此，本指南中的信息就是以该系统为基础的。在MMC的上下文中还有许多其他的术语(见框2，如工厂建造、工业化建筑、场外装配、模块化建筑等等)，但是为了避免混淆，在本指南中没有使用它们。
Volumetric construction
工厂预制体积建筑
Three-dimensional units produced in a factory, fully fitted out before being transported to site and stacked onto prepared foundations to form the dwellings Volumetric construction is also referred to as modular construction. These units can be made from most materials including light gauge steel frame, timber frame, concrete and composites. The units are sometimes used alongside panels (ready made walls, floors and roofs) in hybrid construction (see page 9).
Pods are another type of volumetric unit usually used for bathrooms or similar highly serviced areas. Pods are discussed on page 6.
Volumetric construction is most efficient when used for large numbers of identical units, as may be found in flats. A house is typically made up of four units plus roof (which can be either pre-fabricated or conventional). A flat usually comprises one, or more commonly two units.
在工厂生产的三维单元，在运输到现场之前完全装备，并堆叠在准备好的基础上，形成住房的体积建筑也被称为模块化建筑。这些单元可以由大多数材料制成，包括轻型钢架、木架、混凝土和复合材料。在混合建筑中，这些单元有时与面板(现成的墙壁、地板和屋顶)一起使用(见第9页)。吊舱是另一种体积单元，通常用于浴室或类似的高度服务区域。pod在第6页讨论。当大量相同的单元被使用时，容积式建筑是最有效的，就像在公寓中发现的那样。一座房子通常由四个单元加上屋顶(可以是预制的，也可以是传统的)组成。一套公寓通常包括一个或两个单元。
TOPTIPS
要点
1.Consult the manufacturer early in the development of the design – designing with the manufacturing process in mind can lead to manufacturing efficiencies.
在设计开发的早期咨询制造商——考虑到制造过程的设计可以提高制造效率。
2. Due to the size and weight of a volumetric unit,early consideration of transportation and erection logistics is necessary. Storage of the units on-site before erection is not recommended or practical.
由于容积单位的大小和重量，提前考虑运输和安装物流是必要的。安装前不建议在现场存放设备，也不实用。
3. Accurate foundations (eg ±5 mm on flatness) are essential due to tight tolerances of the units.Connections between units must also be carefully considered.
精确的基础(如平整度±5mm)是必不可少的，因为单元之间有紧密的公差。单元之间的连接也必须仔细考虑。
4. Design freeze (particularly of services) is essential before manufacture begins – any late design changes will be costly.
设计冻结(特别是机电部分)在制造开始之前是非常重要的——任何后期的设计更改都将是昂贵的。
5. Ensure units are inspected both in the factory and on-site.
确保设备在工厂和现场都经过检查。
6. Consider the building control process. If the factory is remote from the site, one building control authority may undertake inspections in the factory, and another on-site.
考虑建筑控制过程。如工厂离工地较远，可分别由一个楼宇管制监督机构视察工厂，另一个监督机构则可视察工厂。
Volumetric construction: bathroom and kitchen pods
体积结构:浴室和厨房模块
Factory finished bathrooms and kitchens within an independent structure
Pods were introduced into the construction market for hotels and student accommodation, although their use in apartments and housing is increasing. Pods are usually non-structural and are normally used within a loadbearing structure. The enclosure can be of steel frame, timber frame, concrete or composite constructions.
工厂完成的独立结构舱内的浴室和厨房被引入到酒店和学生宿舍的建筑市场，尽管它们在公寓和住房中的使用正在增加。吊舱通常是非结构性的，通常用于承重结构中。外壳可以是钢框架、木结构、混凝土或复合结构。
TOPTIPS
要点
1. Most pods have to be sunk into the floor by about 50 mm to give a level floor finish ensure the floor construction takes account of this.
大多数吊舱必须沉入地面约50毫米，以保证地板的平整，确保地板施工考虑到这一点。
2. Pods can be used to house other services such as heating equipment; consider this within the design.
吊舱可以用来放置其他服务，如供暖设备;在设计中考虑这一点。
3. Substantial repetition is required to ensure pods are cost competitive with conventional methods. Left and right-handed versions of the same design constitute two different types of pod.
需要大量重复，以确保吊舱与传统方法相比具有成本竞争力。相同设计的左手和右手版本构成了两种不同类型的pod。
4. Early design freeze and agreement on specifications are required.
早期的设计冻结和规格协议是必需的。
5. Consider the sequence of works around the pod area, which may need to be carried out in advance of normal timescales.
考虑在豆荚区周围的工程顺序，这些工程可能需要在正常时间范围内提前进行。
6. If pods are installed while the rest of the structure is being built, it is important to protect them from the weather. Pods can also be a target for vandals if site security is poor.
如果吊舱是在结构的其他部分建造时安装的，那么保护它们不受天气影响是很重要的。如果站点安全性差，Pods也可能成为破坏者的目标。
7. If pods are to be delivered with doors rather than ply barrier, ensure that matching doors and furniture are available for the rest of the dwelling.
如果吊舱要与门一起交付，而不是双层屏障，请确保住宅的其余部分有配套的门和家具。
8. Pod designers should ensure access to services for maintenance, either within the pod or in the adjacent construction.
吊舱设计人员应确保在吊舱内或邻近建筑内获得维护服务。
Panellised construction systems
大板装配式
Flat panel units built in a factory and transported to site for assembly into a three-dimensional structure or to fit within an existing structure
Systems can include wall, floor and roof panels to create the complete structural shell. Factory-made structural floor and roof panels are known as cassettes (these are considered in the subassemblies category on page 10).
在工厂建造的平板设备，运到现场组装成一个三维结构或适合于现有的结构系统，可以包括墙、地板和屋顶板，以创建完整的结构外壳。工厂生产的结构楼板和屋顶板被称为盒式(这些在第10页的组件类别中被考虑)。
There are many different types of panel, the main types are:
有许多不同类型的面板，主要类型是:
Open panels: panels delivered to site where insulation, windows, services and linings are fitted. All structural components are visible. Panels can be structural (transmitting load to the foundations) or non-structural (used as non-loadbearing separating walls and partitions).
开放式面板:交付到现场的面板，在那里安装绝缘材料，窗户，服务和衬里。所有结构部件都是可见的。面板可以是结构性的(将荷载传递到基础上)，也可以是非结构性的(用作非承重的分隔墙和隔板)。
Closed panels: panels based on a structural framing system (such as the type used for open panel systems), which can have factory fitted windows, doors, services, internal wall finishes and external cladding. The internal structural components can only be seen around the perimeter of the panel.
封闭式面板:基于结构框架系统的面板(如用于开放式面板系统的类型)，可以有工厂安装的窗户、门、服务、内墙饰面和外部覆层。内部结构部件只能在面板周围看到。
Concrete panels: structural wall panels, which can include cladding (often bricks or brick slips), insulation materials, windows and doors.
混凝土板:结构墙板，包括覆层(通常是砖或砖瓦)，绝缘材料，门窗。
Composite panels: panels made from a combination of different materials that act together to provide structural support. Structural insulated panels are a specific form of composite panel.
复合面板:由不同材料组合而成的面板，共同作用提供结构支撑。结构保温板是复合板的一种特殊形式。
Structural insulated panels (SIPS): sandwich construction comprising two layers of sheet material bonded to a foam insulation core. They do not rely on internal studs for their structural performance. Used primarily as wall and roof panels.
结构保温板(SIPS):夹层结构，由两层片状材料粘接在泡沫保温芯上。它们的结构性能不依赖于内部螺柱。主要用作墙壁和屋顶板。
Infill panels: non-loadbearing panels inserted within a structural frame. Any type of panel can be used although framed panels are more common. Masonry can also be used.
填充板:插入结构框架内的非承重板。任何类型的面板都可以使用，虽然有框架的面板更常见。砌体也可以使用。
Curtain walling: vertical building enclosure system that supports no loads other than its own weight and the environmental loads that act upon it.
幕墙:垂直建筑围护系统，只支持自身重量和作用于其上的环境荷载。
TOPTIPS
要点
1. Avoid steps and staggers with framed systems if using a heavy cladding such as brickwork. With conventional construction, brickwork between the roof of one dwelling and the verge of the adjacent dwelling is built off the party wall. With framed construction, brickwork cannot be supported on the frame of the party wall making detailing of the cladding difficult (see Figure 1). An alternative approach is to use lightweight cladding systems.
如果使用重覆层(如砖)，避免步骤和错开框架系统。在传统的建筑中，一个住宅的屋顶和相邻住宅的边缘之间的砖砌是由方墙建造的。在框架结构中，砌砖不能支撑在共墙的框架上，这使得覆层的详细设计变得困难(见图1)。另一种方法是使用轻型覆层系统。
2. Consider the integration of panels with siteapplied cladding and services.
考虑面板与现场应用覆层和服务的集成。
3. Panellised construction is more cost effective than volumetric construction for projects with a variety of layouts.
在各种布局的项目中，嵌板建筑比容积建筑更具成本效益。
4. Use experienced or specialist erection teams.
使用有经验的或专业的安装团队。
5. Manufacturers need an early design freeze, especially for services.
制造商需要尽早冻结设计，特别是服务方面。
6. Tolerances are critical, particularly with infill panels.
公差是关键的，特别是填充板。
7. Ensure the weight of each panel is known to ensure a crane of adequate capacity is provided (particularly for panels made from heavy materials such as concrete).
确保每个面板的重量是已知的，以确保起重机提供足够的能力(特别是用混凝土等重型材料制成的面板)。
Hybrid construction
混合结构
Volumetric units integrated with panellised systems
与嵌板系统集成的体积单元
Hybrid construction is also referred to as semivolumetric construction. Highly serviced areas such as kitchens or bathrooms can be constructed as volumetric units, with the rest of the dwelling constructed with panels.
混合结构也被称为半体积结构。如厨房或浴室等高度服务的区域可以建造为体积单元，住宅的其余部分用嵌板建造。
TOPTIPS
要点
1. If different materials are used for the volumetric and panellised units, care is needed in the design detailing.
如果体积和嵌板单元使用了不同的材料，那么在设计细节上需要注意。
2. Ensure detailed design has been carefully considered at the interface between the volumetric unit and panellised system. This is especially important if different manufacturers products are being used.
确保详细的设计已经仔细考虑在容积单位和面板系统之间的接口。如果使用的是不同厂家的产品，这一点尤其重要。
3. Hybrid construction combines the best elements of volumetric and panellised construction. High value-added materials and fittings can be factory fitted into the volumetric units in controlled conditions, and panellised construction increases flexibility of layout.
混合结构结合了体量和嵌板结构的最佳元素。高附加值的材料和配件可以在可控条件下工厂安装到体积单元中，嵌板结构增加了布局的灵活性。
4. Establish effective communication early between the manufacturer(s) and the project architect to optimise the design for the manufacturing process.
在制造商和项目架构师之间尽早建立有效的沟通，以优化制造工艺的设计。
Sub-assemblies and components
半成品和零部件
Larger components that can be incorporated into either conventionally built or MMC dwellings
更大的组件，可以纳入传统建筑或MMC住宅
These items are not full housing systems and are usually factory made or, occasionally, site-assembled.
这些项目不是完整的住房系统，通常是工厂制造的，有时是现场组装的。
Sub-assemblies and components in this category are:
这类构件包括:
Pre-fabricated foundations: a series of pre-fabricated ground beams and other components assembled to form foundations quickly and accurately.
预制地基:一系列预制地基梁和其他构件快速、准确地组装成地基。
Floor cassettes: pre-fabricated panels specifically designed for floor construction. Fewer labour hours on-site are needed per square metre of floor, and reduced work at height has potential health and safety benefits.
楼板盒:专门为楼板施工设计的预制面板。每平方米地板所需的现场劳动时间更少，减少高空作业具有潜在的健康和安全好处。
Roof cassettes: pre-fabricated panels designed specifically for pitched roofs. The panels are very stiff and are designed to leave the loft free of struts and props, allowing easy production of room in the roof construction. Using roof cassettes allows the building to become watertight more quickly than with conventional trussed rafter or cut roof constructions.
屋顶盒:专门为斜屋顶设计的预制板。面板非常硬，设计使阁楼没有支柱和道具，允许在屋顶建筑中轻松生产房间。使用屋顶盒可以使建筑比传统的桁架椽子或切割屋顶结构更快地变得防水。
Pre-assembled roof structure: roofs assembled at ground level before constructing the shell of a dwelling. The roof can be craned into place as soon as the rest of the superstructure is in place, creating a weathertight structure more quickly than assembling the roof in situ. There are also health and safety benefits resulting from the workforce not undertaking all the work at height.
预组装屋顶结构:在建造住宅外壳之前，在地面上组装屋顶。当上部结构的其他部分就位时，屋顶就可以被吊装到合适的位置，这比在现场组装屋顶更快地创建一个风雨密结构。由于工作人员不需要在高处承担所有的工作，因此也有健康和安全方面的好处。
Pre-fabricated dormers: factory made dormers can speed up the process of making the roof watertight.
预制采光天窗:工厂生产的采光天窗可以加快屋顶的防水过程。
Pre-fabricated chimney stacks: factory made lightweight chimney stacks (often clad with brick slips) for mounting on a roof structure without the need for a masonry flue, make them suitable for lightweight frame constructions. The stacks can accommodate flue liners and so function with combustion appliances.
预制烟囱:工厂制造的轻型烟囱(通常包有砖瓦)安装在屋顶结构上，而不需要砌体烟道，使它们适合于轻型框架结构。这些烟囱可以容纳烟道内衬，因此可以与燃烧器具一起使用。
Wiring looms: cabling systems manufactured so that they can be assembled quickly with relatively unskilled labour. Cables are manufactured in various lengths and terminated with plugs that simply plug into sockets and other electrical items.
线束织机:制造的布线系统，使它们可以用相对不熟练的劳动力快速组装。电缆被制造成各种长度，并带有简单地插入插座和其他电器的插头。
Pre-fabricated plumbing: pipework and fittings pre-assembled for use in volumetric units to facilitate the rapid throughput of units in the factory.
预制管道:预先组装的管道和配件，以用于容积单位，以促进单位在工厂的快速生产。
Timber I beams: lightweight joists, studs or rafters manufactured with solid or composite timber flanges with timber sheet material web to form an I beam. The beams are very stiff for their weight and manufactured in a range of lengths and depths. The beams can be used to create structures with large unsupported spans giving flexibility in layout. Metal web joists: lightweight joists comprising two timber flanges separated by light gauge steel lattice webs. As with timber I beams, large spans are possible.
工字形木梁:用实木或复合木翼和木片材料制成的轻型搁栅、螺柱或椽子，构成工字形梁。这种梁就其重量而言非常坚硬，而且可以制造出不同长度和深度的梁。梁可以用来创建具有大无支撑跨度的结构，在布局上提供灵活性。金属腹板龙骨:轻型龙骨包括两个木材法兰由轻型钢格网分开。与I型木梁一样，大跨度是可能的。
TOPTIPS
要点
1. Ensure that the use of a sub-assembly adds value overall.
确保子程序集的使用总体上增加了价值。
2. Ensure interface between the sub-assembly or component, and the rest of the structure, has been fully considered from the design stage onwards.
确保子组件或部件之间的接口，以及结构的其余部分，从设计阶段起就已充分考虑。
3. Be aware that the use of sub-assemblies can increase crane reliance.
请注意，使用子组件可以增加起重机的可靠性。
4. Consider assembling roofs at ground level to reduce work at height.5. Ensure preceding and follow on trades are fully briefed to understand and take advantage of MMC.
考虑在地面安装屋顶，以减少高空作业。确保前期和后续的交易都得到充分的介绍，以理解和利用MMC。
Site-based modern methods of construction
基于现场的现代建筑方法
Innovative methods of construction used on-site and the use of conventional components in an innovative way
施工现场使用的创新方法和常规组件的使用一种创新的方式
A variety of systems are available which include:
各种各样的系统可包括:
Tunnelform in situ concrete: concrete bays cast between L -shaped steel shutters (see Figures 2 to 4). The ends of the bays are infilled with other materials (eg masonry, light gauge steel or timber frame panels) to create a habitable space.
隧道模现浇混凝土:混凝土海湾L形钢百叶窗之间进行转换(见图2 - 4)。海湾的两端与其它材料填充(如砖石、轻量钢或木材框架板)来创建一个可居住空间。
Insulating formwork: insulation in the form of hollow blocks or sheets used as permanent shuttering for concrete to create the external walls of a dwelling. Very airtight and thermally efficient dwellings are created using this system.
绝缘模板:空心砌块或板材的形式的绝缘，用作混凝土的永久模板，以创建住宅的外墙。非常密闭和热效率的住宅是使用这个系统创建的。
Aircrete: aerated concrete products (thin joint blockwork or aircrete planks) used to form the major elements (ie walls, roof and floors) of a structure.
充气混凝土:用于构成建筑物主要构件(如墙壁、屋顶和地板)的加气混凝土产品(薄接缝砌块或充气混凝土板)。
TOPTIPS
要点
1. Tunnelform is normally more efficient when used for large numbers of repeat units.
隧道形式通常用于大量重复单元时更有效。
2. Tunnelform works well with other off-site manufactured systems (eg tunnelform and framed infill panel systems).
隧道模可以与其他非现场制造的系统(如Tunnelform和框架填充板系统)很好地工作。
3. Ensure site has enough space for movement of(potentially) large components.
确保站点有足够的空间移动(可能)大型组件。
4. Aircrete uses conventional skills and is suited to both low and high output volumes.
Aircrete使用传统技术，适合于低产量和高产量。
5. Insulating formwork does not require heavy lifting equipment. Craft skills are not essential – very popular with self-build projects.
绝缘模板不需要重型起重设备。手工技能在自建项目中不是很受欢迎。
HOW MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION FIT INTO THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
现代施工方法如何适应施工过程
Procurement and construction of conventionally constructed dwellings is by necessity a sequential process, which is represented in its simplest form in Figure 5.
传统住宅的采购和建造必然是一个循序渐进的过程，最简单的形式见图5。
Figure 5 shows that only the design and approvals stages occur before going on-site. With site-based MMC, systems must follow a similar process but as the amount of work carried out in a factory increases, more flexibility is built into the process. Superstructure and fitting out can take place in the factory before or while the groundworks and substructure are being done on-site. This has the overall effect of compressing the on-site phase.
图5显示，在进入现场之前，只有设计和批准阶段。在基于工厂的MMC中，系统必须遵循类似的流程，但随着工厂工作量的增加，流程中增加了更多的灵活性。上层建筑和舾装可以在工厂进行之前或当地面工程和地下结构在现场完成。这对现场阶段的压缩有整体的影响。
Figure 6 (overleaf) shows a comparison between various forms of construction during each stage of the construction process. As production in the factory increases the overall time on-site should decrease. However, the amount of work required before construction intensifies so the pre-construction phase becomes increasingly important. The key steps in the pre-construction phase are given in the next section.
图6(背页)显示了在施工过程的每个阶段的不同施工形式的比较。随着工厂生产的增加，在现场的总时间应该减少。然而，施工前所需的工作量增加了，因此施工前阶段变得越来越重要。下一节给出了预构建阶段的关键步骤。
THE PRE-CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
前期建设过程
The approach to constructing with MMC differs markedly between private sector house builders and housing associations. Private sector builders normally use standard house types from a pattern book. Experience has shown that converting a design intended for masonry construction to factory production is not easy, so if mainstream builders are to embrace MMC it usually involves careful and lengthy planning.
使用MMC进行建筑的方法在私人部门住宅建筑商和住宅协会之间有明显的不同。私人建筑商通常使用模式手册中的标准房型。经验表明，将砌体建筑的设计转换为工厂生产是不容易的，所以如果主流建筑商要接受MMC，通常需要仔细和漫长的规划。
The usual approach is to form a strategic partnership with an MMC supplier in order to develop designs specifically suited for production. Often, the intention is not to completely switch to MMC, but to use it as a means of introducing flexibility into the supply of housing. However, such partnerships will only be entered into if there is a sound business case to support the decision.
通常的方法是与MMC供应商建立战略伙伴关系，以开发特别适合生产的设计。通常，其目的并不是完全转向MMC，而是将其作为一种引入住房供应灵活性的手段。然而，只有在有充分的商业理由支持这一决定的情况下，才会建立这种合作关系。
Another factor as far as private sector/speculative house builders are concerned is the need to manage cashflow, which is directly related to both the build rate and the sales rate. Therefore forms of MMC which benefit from the economies of scale obtained from production runs of a number of dwellings (such as volumetric construction) may not be particularly suited to the private sector builder s business constraints.
对私人部门/投机性房屋建筑商来说，另一个因素是需要管理现金流，这直接关系到建造率和销售率。因此，MMC的形式从大量住宅的生产经营中获得的规模经济中受益(如容积式建筑)，可能并不特别适合私营部门建筑商的业务约束。
Housing associations normally build to different standards (eg space and robustness) compared to speculative builders, and rarely use pattern book designs. While it is beneficial for them to earn revenue from rental income as soon as possible they do not tend to operate under the same business constraints as private sector builders, and generally want their housing finished as early as possible. The use of MMC is therefore more suited to housing association requirements than it is to those of the private sector.
与投机性建筑商相比，住房协会通常按照不同的标准建造(如空间和坚固性)，很少使用样板书设计。虽然尽快从租金收入中获得收入对他们来说是有好处的，但他们不倾向于像私人建筑商那样在同样的商业约束下运营，通常希望他们的住房尽早完工。因此，MMC的使用更适合住房协会的要求，而不是私营部门的要求。
Private sector builders
私营部门的建筑商
For private sector builders there are two possible, but independent, stages that may involve MMC. The first relates to the development of a strategic partnership with a manufacturer for the supply of MMC components or systems. The second relates to specific individual developments.
对于私人建筑商来说，有两个可能的但独立的阶段可能涉及MMC。第一个是与MMC组件或系统供应的制造商的战略伙伴关系的发展。第二个与具体的个人发展有关。
Developing a strategic partnership
发展战略伙伴关系
Strategic partnerships between builders and MMC suppliers can be on a number of levels, depending on the extent to which the MMC product represents a complete dwelling. At one extreme the MMC supplier may be only a preferred supplier of a product, eg roof cassettes, while at the other extreme the MMC supplier could supply the whole dwelling. In the more extreme cases, complete house designs may need to be developed to enable the most costeffective solution to be built on-site. In order to maximise flexibility from the house builder s perspective, the standard designs developed with the MMC supplier may share a common foundation design with the builder s conventionally constructed pattern book housing. This gives the house builder the flexibility of two approaches on the same plot.
Alternatively, the builder may feel that a particular dwelling type (eg flats) is more suited to MMC. Unlike detached or semi-detached houses, flats are not normally occupied until the whole block is completed, meaning that rapid construction techniques would allow sales to proceed more quickly.
开发商和MMC供应商之间的战略伙伴关系可以有很多层次，这取决于MMC产品代表一个完整住宅的程度。在一个极端，MMC供应商可能只是一个产品的首选供应商，如屋顶磁带，而在另一个极端，MMC供应商可以供应整个住宅。在更极端的情况下，可能需要开发完整的住宅设计，以实现现场建造最具成本效益的解决方案。为了从房屋建筑商的角度最大化灵活性，与MMC供应商开发的标准设计可能与建筑商的传统建筑模式住宅共享一个共同的基础设计。这为建筑者提供了在同一地块上使用两种方法的灵活性。或者，建造者可能认为某一特定的住宅类型(如公寓)更适合MMC。与独立式或半独立式住宅不同，公寓通常在整个街区建成之前不会被占用，这意味着快速施工技术将使销售进行得更快。
Site-specific considerations
因地制宜的考虑
Developing a particular site begins with the identification and purchase of a plot of land. The purchase may be speculative, with considerable time lapsing between purchase and the start of the design and construction phases, but the decision to start the development process is taken on the basis of a business plan. Unlike the social housing sector, the business plan is reviewed regularly and the plans for the site altered to ensure that the development remains in line with market demand.
Different departments within a construction company are involved in the pre-construction process. Companies differ according to their business needs and size, however Box 3 shows the main departments and functions operating in a typical company. The main stages in pre-construction are summarised in Box 4.
开发一个特定的场地，首先要确定和购买一块土地。购买可能是投机性的，从购买到开始设计和构建阶段之间有相当长的一段时间，但是开始开发过程的决定是基于商业计划的。与社会住房部门不同的是，商业计划会定期进行审查，并对场地计划进行修改，以确保发展与市场需求保持一致。建筑公司的不同部门都参与了施工前的过程。公司根据其业务需求和规模而有所不同，然而框3显示了一个典型公司的主要部门和职能运作。方框4总结了施工前期的主要阶段。
Housing associations
住房协会
Because housing associations have potentially a much more diverse set of requirements for the dwellings they commission, the pre-construction phase is crucial to the success of the project. Box 5 highlights the sequence of activities.
因为住房协会对他们委托的住宅有潜在的更多样化的要求，施工前阶段是项目成功的关键。框5突出显示活动的顺序。
Developing the brief
开发概要
The brief sets out the parameters for the project in terms of what needs to be achieved. It is developed by a core team, typically comprising key members as shown in Box 6.
该简报根据需要实现的目标为项目设定了参数。它是由核心团队开发的，通常由框6中所示的关键成员组成。
The brief (also known as employer’s requirements) needs to be clear and unequivocal because it informs the MMC appraisal. A wide range of issues need to be covered including:
摘要(也被称为雇主的要求)需要清晰和毫不含糊，因为它为MMC的评估提供了信息。需要涉及的问题范围广泛，包括:
1 number, mix and size of units to be built
建造单位的数量、混合和规模
2 time frame in which scheme should be delivered
计划交付的时间范围
3 capital and life cycle costs
资金和生命周期成本
4 tenant needs or purchases that may go over and above minimum standards and regulations (eg security or access requirements for the elderly or disabled)
租户的需求或购买可能超出最低标准和规定(如老年人或残疾人的安全或出入要求)
5 town and country planning issues which are known at this stage, eg conservation issues, height restrictions and density issues
现阶段已知的城乡规划问题，如保育问题、高度限制及密度问题
6 the organisation s own strategy plan
组织自己的战略计划
7 required performance of the finished product (running/energy costs, maintainability, robustness)
成品所需的性能(运行/能源成本，可维护性，健壮性)
8 location and layout of the site (access, topography, existing services, neighbourliness during construction)
地盘的位置及布局(道路、地形、现有服务、建造时的邻近环境)
9 business case
商业案例
10 environmental issues.
环境问题
The outputs from this stage should include:
这一阶段的成果应包括:
1 schedule of site constraints
地盘限制时间表
2 list of criteria that the development must fulfil
开发必须满足的标准列表
3 schedule of dwelling sizes
住宅面积表
4 budget and time limits
预算和时间限制
5 hierarchy of needs and assessment criteria.
需求层次和评估标准。
Assessing construction options
评估建设选项
Using the assessment criteria, construction options should be assessed to determine how well they each meet the brief. Constraints that limit the use of a particular form of construction may be wider than those imposed by the project brief the lists below can be used to supplement the brief.
使用评估标准，应评估施工方案，以确定它们是否满足简要要求。限制使用特定建筑形式的限制可能比项目概要所施加的限制更广，以下清单可用于补充概要。
Site conditions
Including:
1 crane and transport access
起重机和运输通道
2 storage
临时存储
3 overhead electric cables.
架空电缆。
Time frame
时间范围
1 find out when the client will need to enter into financial and contractual commitment
了解客户何时需要签订财务和合同承诺
2 consequences of delays to site-based tasks.
基于站点的任务延迟的后果。
True cost of alternative solutions
替代方案的真实成本
1 compare the cost of different options on a realistic basis the build costs are only part of the equation innovative systems which take less time to construct on-site can lead to savings on, eg site prelims and equipment hire
在现实的基础上比较不同方案的成本，建造成本只是方程式的一部分
2 be aware that cashflow may differ for different construction types MMC may require an increased up front investment compared to conventional construction, but earlier completion may allow earlier income from rents
需要注意的是，不同建筑类型的现金流可能不同，与传统建筑相比，MMC可能需要增加前期投资，但提前完工可能会让租金收入提前
3 consider whole life costs, eg future maintenance costs will differ for different systems.
考虑整个生命周期的成本，例如，未来的维护成本将因不同的系统而不同。
Design constraints
设计约束
Including:
1 height of building 建筑高度
2 spans 跨度
3 repetition 重复性
4 balconies 露台
5 cantilevers. 悬臂
The assessment process should ideally be facilitated by an independent facilitator to ensure objectivity. If the organisation procuring the dwellings is new to MMC, it would be prudent to invite an MMC adviser to provide expert input. At this stage, the technology options to use in construction may only be reduced to two or three, rather than a single option.
理想情况下，评估过程应该由一个独立的促进者来促进，以确保客观性。如果采购住宅的机构是MMC的新机构，请MMC顾问提供专家意见是明智的。在这个阶段，在建筑中使用的技术选择可能只会减少到两到三个，而不是一个单一的选择。
Certification
认证
Consideration should be given to the long-term interests of the mortgage lender, household insurer and the warranty provider, all of whom have an interest in the dwellings once they have been built.
考虑到抵押贷款机构、家庭保险公司和担保机构的长期利益，他们都在住房建成后享有利益。
Insurers in particular are interested in construction technology from the point of view of the cost of repairs and reinstatement in cases of damage. If the construction type is relatively novel, consideration should be given to whether or not the construction system chosen should have third party certification. Certification is necessary for some systems more than others the more unusual the system the more likely it is that certification will be needed. Insurers or warranty providers may prefer certification if the product or full construction system:
保险公司尤其从损坏情况下修理和修复费用的角度对建筑技术感兴趣。如果建筑类型比较新颖，应考虑选择的建筑体系是否需要第三方认证。某些系统比其他系统更需要认证，系统越不寻常，越需要认证。如果产品或完整的建设体系:
1 uses novel materials 使用新材料
2 uses novel design or construction approaches 使用新颖的设计或施工方法
3 uses standard materials from unknown suppliers 使用来自未知供应商的标准材料
4 is not fully covered by British or European standards for its manufacture and construction on-site 其生产和现场施工是否完全符合英国或欧洲标准
5 claims performance characteristics beyond current accepted standards or outside the scope of current standards. 索赔性能特征超出当前可接受的标准或超出当前标准的范围。
The need for certification will depend on whether a product or system is being considered and may cover:
认证的需要将取决于是否考虑一种产品或系统，可能包括:
1 structural and fire performance 结构及防火性能
2 thermal and acoustic properties 热声学性能
3 durability 耐久性
4 repair and maintenance 修理和维护
5 installation. 安装
If the system is covered by certification make sure that:
如果体系被认证覆盖，请确保:
1 the proposed application is within the scope of the certificate 建议的申请在证书的范围内
2 certificates carry the UKAS logo or a notified body number 证书带有UKAS标志或公告主体号码
3 the standard details are appropriate to the project. 标准细节适用于项目
Developing the concept design
发展概念设计
A concept team develops the concept design Box 7 outlines the make-up of a typical concept team.
概念团队开发概念设计框7概述了典型概念团队的组成。
Concept design covers issues such as visual impact and infrastructure issues which may impact on the cost plan. The MMC adviser s input is crucial if more than one construction option is still under consideration. Final appraisal of remaining construction options should take place at this stage, before the full project delivery team is assembled.
概念设计包括可能影响成本计划的视觉冲击和基础设施问题。如果仍在考虑多个建筑方案，MMC顾问的意见是至关重要的。在整个项目交付团队集合之前，应在这个阶段对剩余的施工方案进行最终评估。
Assembling the project team
组建项目团队
To a certain extent the composition of the project team will depend on the method of construction chosen. The greater the level of off-site manufacture, the more important it is to get the manufacturer involved as early as possible. The first task for the project team is to select the manufacturer so that details can be finalised and production optimised. This may be an iterative process involving discussions initially with a number of potential manufacturers before making the final choice. It is important that the manufacturer is involved in the final stages of developing the design concept, particularly for highly manufactured solutions.
在某种程度上，项目团队的组成将取决于所选择的施工方法。场外制造的水平越高，让制造商尽早参与进来就越重要。项目团队的第一个任务是选择制造商，以便最终确定细节和优化生产。这可能是一个迭代的过程，在做出最终选择之前，首先与许多潜在制造商进行讨论。重要的是，制造商参与到设计概念的最后阶段，特别是对于高度制造的解决方案。
Roles and responsibilities for the project team should be agreed from the outset. A comprehensive list of items for consideration and team responsibilities is provided in the Annex. A summary of key project team members is shown in Box 8.
项目团队的角色和责任应该从一开始就达成一致。附件载有审议项目和小组职责的全面清单。方框8显示了项目团队主要成员的摘要。
Obtaining approvals and developing the detailed design
获得批准并制定详细设计
Once the concept design is agreed, planning consent can be obtained. Manufacturers should confirm that the concept fits with their factory processes and standard detailing.
一旦概念设计达成一致，就可以获得规划许可。制造商应确认概念符合他们的工厂流程和标准细节。
They can work with the design team to produce a detailed design that can be manufactured efficiently.
他们可以与设计团队合作，制作出可以高效制造的详细设计。
It is important to note that although it is desirable for manufacturers to be involved at this stage they may not have a formal contract to start building until the detailed design is finalised. This process should be discussed with them to agree the extent of at risk work that they may have to do, and their payment expectations for work carried out before a formal contract is signed. A two-stage contract may be the most appropriate way forward.
需要注意的是，虽然制造商在这一阶段也应参与进来，但在详细设计完成之前，他们可能没有正式的开工合同。应与他们讨论这一过程，以商定他们可能必须从事的风险工作的范围，以及在正式合同签署之前他们对所从事工作的预期报酬。两阶段合同可能是最合适的方式。
Once developed, the detailed design is put forward for planning consent and approval under Building Regulations. In developing the detailed design the team should be aware of any planning restrictions, the constraints that the manufacturer works under, and the information the manufacturer will require. Some of the main considerations will be:
一旦设计完成，详细的设计将提交规划部门的同意和建筑法规的批准。在制定详细设计时，团队应该了解任何计划限制，制造商工作的限制条件，以及制造商需要的信息。一些主要的考虑因素将是:
1 Is there an understanding of the constraints and benefits of the MMC systems being used?
是否理解所使用的MMC系统的约束和好处?
2 Does the MMC manufacturer have a design guide? Have manufacturer s design details been obtained?
MMC制造商有设计指南吗?是否已获得制造商的详细设计资料?
3 Are there any structural requirements that may need consideration?
是否有需要考虑的结构要求?
4 What is and is not included within the system, eg cladding, services, windows, and floor cassettes?
系统中包含和不包含什么，如包层、服务、窗户和地板磁带?
5 Is the design optimised in terms of efficiency and cost?
设计是否在效率和成本方面进行了优化?
6 What timescale does the MMC system need for design and manufacture before delivering?
在交付之前，MMC系统的设计和制造需要多长时间?
7 When is the design freeze date?
设计冻结日期是什么时候?
8 Does the specification recognise the MMC supplier s efficiencies?
该规范是否承认MMC供应商的效率?
9 Does there need to be a range of styles, layouts and colours?
是否需要一系列的样式、布局和颜色?
Some aspects of the design are critical to the construction process. It is important to agree who is responsible for the detailed design of the interfaces between the factory-made parts and those assembled on-site. Both parties must be aware of, and accept as reasonable, the tolerances that each party is working to and each other s expectations. The detailed design of such interfaces must be critically reviewed by all concerned for buildability before being finalised.
设计的某些方面对施工过程是至关重要的。确定谁负责工厂制造的部件和现场组装的部件之间的接口的详细设计是很重要的。双方必须意识到，并合理地接受双方对彼此期望的容忍。在最终完成之前，这些接口的详细设计必须经过所有相关人员对可构建性的严格审查。
PROCUREMENT
采购
When letting the contract for the manufacture of units it is important to agree the following with the manufacturer:
在签订设备制造合同时，与制造商达成以下协议是很重要的:
a date for the design freeze设计冻结的日期
a timetable for delivery of the units (remember the manufacturer will not want to store units at the factory and will expect the site to be ready to accept delivery at an agreed time)交付单元的时间表(记住，制造商不希望将单元存储在工厂，而是希望在约定的时间内准备好接受交付)
period of notice required by the manufacturer to check that tolerances on-site are within agreed limits制造商要求的通知期限，以检查现场公差是否在商定的限度内
penalties for late delivery迟交罚款
penalties for delays imposed on the manufacturer (eg if the site is behind schedule and not able to accept delivery at the agreed time)对制造商延迟交货的罚款(如工厂逾期不能按约定时间交货)。
the tolerances and standards that the units need to be manufactured to (a mockup/prototype may be the best way of agreeing this in order to avoid disputes)产品制造所需的公差和标准(为了避免争议，最好通过实物模型达成一致)
a formal procedure for checking the units before accepting handover在接受移交前对单位进行检查的正式程序
a period for latent defects liability潜在缺陷责任的期限
the extent of the manufacturer’s responsibilities on-site during the erection/installation of the units, and requirements/conditions during that period.制造商在设备安装/安装期间的现场责任范围，以及该期间的要求/条件。
附件：装配式建筑各参与方的责任和介入时间
和传统建造方式不同，模块化建筑的工厂从概念方案阶段到最后验收，需要全过程的参与到一个项目中……从业企业的综合能力（起码能平等沟通吧？）可想而知。
最大的困难还不是技术或者能力，而是一直到实施阶段，前面所有的参与都是没有合同约定的，极大可能是陪跑……这种商务风险又有多少公司能承担？