肥胖是把“杀猪刀”,年纪轻轻也变老|深度解析肥胖与衰老的关系

说起抗衰老,大家都把话题引向医美,“贵妇”护肤品,保健品等,忽略了发福的身材和衰老之间的关系。若说这些护肤品、保健品能维持表面上的年轻,那肥胖可是让你从内而外地衰老。“肥胖催人老”并不是毫无依据,今天极养君来详细解读一下“胖”与“老”之间的关系到底有多紧密。
「极养视界」科普实验室 原创出品
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文章|Ye Yuan MSc
校稿|Xinyin PHD, RD 编审|Haoran PHD
编辑|Jiaqi Xu BS, RD 设计|Fay
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难度:★★★☆☆ 类型:综述 字数:4785

文章纲要
想长寿,适当瘦
肥胖的“多靶点”催老机制
- 端粒受损
- 免疫受损
- DNA甲基化年龄/表观遗传老化
肥胖与衰老的共同表型
肥胖与年龄相关的疾病
极养君小结
极养视点

01
想长寿,适当瘦

02
肥胖的“多靶点”催老机制

03
肥胖与衰老的“共享”表型

小科普 >>> 氧化还原稳态&失衡:正常细胞代谢过程中线粒体会产生活性氧(ROS),其主要作用为氧化DNA和脂质,改变蛋白质的活性,破坏细胞结构、并作为重要的信号分子在维持体内平衡中发挥重要作用。当ROS处于正常水平时,调节神经内分泌代谢控制(如喂养和能量消耗),调节正常的血管功能,支持脂肪组织产热。活性氧的产生超过抗氧化能力和/或处理活性氧的能力受损,就会发生氧化还原失衡[4]。

04
肥胖与年龄相关的疾病







肥胖与遗传基因的相互作用促进淀粉样蛋白形成已被一些实验验证。肥胖可能会与ApoE4基因相互作用,增加淀粉样蛋白的积累; 同时肥胖相关基因(FTO)与apoE4相互作用,使得能量、脂肪摄入量增加与脂质代谢效率降低同时发生,形成恶性循环,将AD的患病风险提高3倍[4,36]; 另外,肥胖还可能改变瘦素和中枢神经系统的炎症信号,进而增加食物摄入量,淀粉样蛋白的积累和微血管疾病的发生[37]。



肥胖可通过促进ROS生成、炎症和改变癌细胞分析信号来增加癌症的风险。除了正常衰老过程积累的基因突变,肥胖还可能通过基因毒性状态诱发额外的突变,从而加速癌症的发生[42]; 

肥胖产生的代谢物(8-氧代-20-脱氧鸟苷、4-羟基壬烯醛和16α-羟基雌酮)也会增加基因的不稳定性和癌症的发展[43]; 中心肥胖伴随的大网膜脂肪堆积,以及高脂肪饮食还可能增加癌细胞脂肪酸受体CD36表达,进而引发癌细胞转移和自我更新[44]。
05
极养君小结
其一是营养过剩导致的肥胖是加速衰老的罪魁祸首; 其二衰老和肥胖共同在营养过剩引起的细胞反应中互相作用影响。
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肥胖是长寿的大敌,肥胖的特征&并发症和衰老&年龄相关疾病有很大程度的共性,肥胖可能在从细胞到系统的多个层面加速衰老;
在分子水平上,肥胖和衰老具有氧化还原失衡、细胞衰老、线粒体功能障碍、自噬不足、凋亡增加等相似的表型;
肥胖可能通过缩短端粒长度、损害免疫系统、加速年龄相关疾病的早期症状、加速表观遗传衰老来推动衰老的发展;
肥胖还可能增加,流感、肌萎缩、心血管疾病、阿兹海默症和癌症等与年龄相关的疾病的风险;
不论肥胖和衰老是互为因果还是,相互促进影响的共存关系,将肥胖与衰老联系起来能让我们更好的理解和制定更有效的治疗肥胖和衰老相关疾病的策略。
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