TE||Netflixonomics
1
导读
10年52倍
Netflix是怎么练成的?
强烈推荐阅读:
奈飞的前世今生
https://www.zhihu.com/question/19552101/answer/114867581
2
听力|精读|翻译|词组
Netflixonomics
奈飞经济学
英文部分选自经济学人Leaders版块

Hollywood ending
好莱坞式结局
Can Netflix please investors and still avoid the techlash?Its content consumes 20% of the world’s downstream bandwidth.
奈飞能否取悦投资者并免遭技术抵制?它的播放内容占全球20%的下游带宽。
1.Techlash:技术抵制,在展望2018特刊中Leaders版块(有需要的后台回复展望2018)有专门提到,塑造2018年世界格局的不是特朗普,而是其他三股力量:第一就是Techlash潮流,Techlash是指技术抵制,正如今天这篇文中提到的像Amazon,Google,Facebook这样飞速发展的科技公司,监管部门对这样的科技巨头的监管力度正在不断加强。第二是法国马克龙主义,法国的变革能否影响到欧洲和世界,第三是世界对中国态度的转变。相应讲的techlash文章TE||How to tame the tech titans,有兴趣的看看吧
2.据2015年数据显示,在高峰时段Netflix占据北美全互联网1/3的带宽,吞吐量颇为惊人。

Netflix has transformed television. It is beloved by investors, consumers and politicians. Can that last?
奈飞已经改变了电视。它深受投资者、消费者以及政客的喜爱。那么这种情况能持续吗?
BIG technology firms elicit extreme and conflicting reactions. Investors love them for their stellar growth and vast ambition: the FAANG group of technology stocks, comprising Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix and Alphabet (Google’s parent), is worth more than the whole of the FTSE 100. Without them to power its growth, America’s stockmarket would have fallen this year. Yet the techlash has also entangled the digital giants in all manner of controversies, from data abuse and anti-competitive behaviour to tax avoidance and smartphone addiction. They have become the firms politicians love to hate.
大型科技公司招致极端且矛盾的反应。投资者爱它们卓越的增长和雄心壮志:由脸书(Facebook)、亚马逊(Amazon)、苹果(Apple)、奈飞(Netflix)和谷歌 (Google)组成的科技五虎,其股价超过了整个富时100指数(FTSE 100)。如果没有他们的推动,今年美国股市早就下跌了。然而,技术抵制也让这些数字巨头卷入各种争议之中,从数据滥用与反竞争行为,到避税与智能手机成瘾。他们已经成为政客们憎恨的对象。
All but one. Alone among the giants, Netflix is a clear exception to this mix of soaring share prices and suspicion. Since its founding in 1997, the company has morphed from a DVD-rental service to a streaming-video upstart to the world’s first global TV powerhouse. This year its entertainment output will far exceed that of any TV network; its production of over 80 feature films is far larger than any Hollywood studio’s. Netflix will spend $12bn-13bn on content this year, $3bn-4bn more than last year. That extra spending alone would be enough to pay for all of HBO’s programming—or the BBC’s.
只有一个例外。在这些股价飘升、质疑不断的巨头中,奈飞显然是个例外。自从1997年成立以来,该公司已经从一个DVD租赁服务提供商,转变为一个流媒体视频新秀,后又成为全球第一互联网电视巨头。今年它的娱乐产出将远超其他电视网络;它出品了80多部长片,远超任何一家好莱坞制片厂。奈飞今年将在内容上花费120亿-130亿美元,比去年多出30亿-40亿美元。光是这笔额外支出就足以支付HBO或者BBC的所有节目。
The 125m households the company serves, twice as many as it had in 2014, watch Netflix for more than two hours a day on average, eating up a fifth of the world’s downstream internet bandwidth. (China is the one big market where it is not allowed to operate.) Its ascent has mirrored the decline of traditional television viewing: Americans between the ages of 12 and 24 watch half as much pay-TV today as they did in 2010.
这家公司服务了1.25亿家庭,比起2014年,其用户数量翻了一倍,他们平均每天看奈飞超过两个小时,霸占了全球下游互联网带宽的五分之一。(中国这个巨大的市场除外,因为中国不允许它运营)奈飞的崛起反映了传统电视的式微:12岁到24岁的美国人看付费电视的量是2010年的一半。
Uniquely among tech upstarts that have reshaped industries in recent years, Netflix has wrought its transformation without triggering a public or regulatory backlash. With a share price that has more than doubled since the start of the year, it is as popular with investors as it is with consumers. All of which raises three questions. What are Netflix’s lessons for other media firms? What can the rest of the FAANGs learn from its success? And can it go on keeping everyone happy?
近年来,特别是科技新兴公司,它们重塑了行业,奈飞在没有引发公众或监管方面反弹的情况下,实现了转型。年初以来,奈飞股价涨了一倍多,它备受投资者和消费者的青睐。以上情况引发了三个问题:其他的媒体公司能从奈飞的成功中学到什么?其他的四大科技巨头能从奈飞的成功中学到什么?它能一直取悦所有人吗?
Hollywood ending
好莱坞式结局
注:为什么用Hollywood ending这个题目?以下灰色部分节选自公众号娱乐硬糖,文章是“贵圈公敌”Netflix,看完应该就能明白了。
从全球产业发展的角度来说,电影已经属于夕阳产业。大制作“爆米花片”已很难撬动全球影迷,小成本艺术片则沉迷逼格全球撸奖枉顾普通群众。电影产业犹如一潭死水,丝毫看不到流动的迹象。
Netflix的出现,某种程度上用大规模砸钱的方式,给予电影产业新的活力。因为他们有钱,那些天马行空且不被传统电影行业重视的想法,有了实践的可能;因为他们有钱,那些艺术片、爆米花、剧情片可以共同存在,不受制约;因为他们有钱,他们可以肆无忌惮的拉长电影的放映周期,反正网络播放,想多长就多长。
Netflix可以给出比传统电影公司高数倍的资金来“实验”,也可以捡起被传统电影公司抛弃的“垃圾”当“珍宝”。对于广大观众来说,Netflix,救了电影,真的救了电影。
但对于传统电影业态来说,这是在“杀死电影”。
从全球产业发展的角度来说,电影已经属于夕阳产业。大制作“爆米花片”已很难撬动全球影迷,小成本艺术片则沉迷逼格全球撸奖枉顾普通群众。电影产业犹如一潭死水,丝毫看不到流动的迹象。
业内天天喊的“艺术高贵”,被Netflix的颠覆模式彻底摧毁,没人愿意看到这一天的来临。即便电影真的到了将死的那一天,也是昂着头的沉没。虽然Netflix有1.2亿全球总用户,完全可以给予电影的“二次生命”。但Netflix违背电影从诞生之日自带的规律,让业内有了践踏尊严的本能排斥。
Start with other media firms. Moguls who once happily handed their content to Netflix as a source of extra revenue are now scrambling to compete with it. The result is a dealmaking frenzy, with AT&T buying Time Warner, and Disney and Comcast fighting over bits of 21st Century Fox. Consolidation is only part of the answer for conventional entertainment firms, however. They must also follow Netflix’s lead and use the internet to offer consumers lower prices and more choice. Netflix now has more subscribers outside America than inside it. From Mexico to India people stream “Narcos” and “Stranger Things” in a planet-wide community of binge-watchers. It makes expert use of data, categorising individual users’ preferences into about 2,000 “taste clusters”, to serve up different shows to different users, including within the same family, via targeted recommendations. This combination of scale and data science has long been a hallmark of tech firms. Amazon, Disney and others are refining their own direct-to-consumer video services. But most media firms have a lot of catching up to do.
先从其他媒体公司开始。Moguls曾为了额外收益,将它的节目内容双手奉给奈飞。而现在它却与奈飞互相竞争。结局是使交易市场硝烟四起,AT&T 收购了时代华纳( Time Warner), 迪士尼(Disney)和 康卡斯特(Comcast)争相收购21世纪福克斯(21st Century Fox)。然而,传统娱乐公司只能走向合并。它们必须跟随奈飞的脚步,使用网络给消费者提供更低的价格和更多的选择。奈飞现在拥有美国境外的用户比境内的多。从墨西哥到印度,人们在一个全球范围内的狂欢者群体中,传播着《毒枭》和《怪奇物语》等剧。它利用数据,将个人用户的观剧偏好分成2000个左右的“味觉集群”,通过有针对性的推荐,向不同的用户提供不同的节目,包括在同一个家庭中。这种规模和数据科学的结合长期以来一直是科技公司的标志。亚马逊、迪士尼和其他公司正在完善自己的直接面向消费者的视频服务。但对大多数媒体公司来说,想要赶超还有很多功课要做。
Other tech giants can also learn from Netflix. Compared with the other FAANGs, the firm is distinctive in several ways. Unlike Facebook and Google, Netflix has steered clear of news and mostly stuck to entertainment. That has protected it from scandals over fake news, electoral manipulation and political tribalism. And unlike those two ad-based platforms, its subscription-based business model means that the firm does not rely on selling users’ data or attention to outsiders. Instead, it offers customers a simple exchange: a monthly fee in return for television they want to watch. Unlike all the other FAANGs, which are global but unmistakably American, Netflix is becoming truly international: it makes TV shows in 21 countries, dubbing and subtitling them into multiple languages. The other tech firms are not about to rip up their business models; they work too well. But they can still learn from Netflix: to use data with greater care, to be clearer about the terms of trade with their customers and to be more respectful of local markets.
其他科技巨头也可以向奈飞学习。与其他科技巨头相比,奈飞在几个方面是与众不同的。与脸书和谷歌不同的是,奈飞避开了新闻,专注于娱乐。这帮它避免了虚假新闻、选举操纵和政治贿赂等丑闻的影响。与脸书和谷歌这两个基于广告的平台不同的是,奈飞采用基于订阅的商业模式,这意味着该公司不依赖于出售用户的数据或者注意力给其他公司。相反,它为顾客提供了一个简单的交换:一个月的费用换取他们想要观看的电视节目。其他四大科技巨头虽面向全球,但不可避免的偏美国话,,而奈飞则不同,它正在成为真正的国际化公司:它在21个国家制作电视节目,配音和字幕被译成多种语言。其他的科技公司不打算改变他们的商业模式,因为这些模式目前运行的很好。但他们仍然可以向奈飞学习:更加谨慎地使用数据,更清楚地了解与客户的交易需求,并且更加尊重本地市场。
注:sell attention,出售注意力,推荐大家看一本书《注意力商人》,
书中提到过出售注意力的起源:今天的注意力经济起源可以追溯到1830年代纽约的新闻报纸业。“Benjamin Day,在我看来他应该是第一位注意力商人,他想到了这个独创的商业创意……他认为自己可以把报纸的价格大幅降低,低至1便士。他的做法是用人性化的故事覆盖大规模受众……他在创办《纽约太阳报》时的关键想法,是不把读者视为消费者,而是他的产品。他是真正领会到这个想法的第一人——你想办法聚拢一大群人,但是你对这帮人的兴趣不是他们兜里的钱或者把他们当成客户,而是把他们转手卖给想要他们注意力的其他人。”
转售人的注意力:积聚眼球或者接近大众思想,然后把它卖给广告商。这种商业模式长期锚定了媒体,显然是集中在电视和报纸业,但是最近10年,或者也许是最近20年,它已经爆发进入到我们生活的方方面面,主要是通过依赖广告的互联网公司之崛起来实现的。
Next up: house of cards
下一步:纸牌屋
If such traits help to explain why the firm has avoided the techlash, they do not ensure it can keep everyone happy. The short-term danger is financial. Frothy valuations are commonplace at the moment, but Netflix still stands out. To justify its current valuation, Netflix’s gross operating profits in a decade’s time would have to be equivalent to about half of all the profits made by American entertainment firms this year. “If Jesus were a stock, he’d be Netflix,” one savvy investor is said to have observed. “You either believe or you don’t.”
以上特征可以作为奈飞避免技术冲击的理由,却不能确保能使每个人都满意。短期的危险是财政问题。泡沫估值当时很普遍,但奈飞尤为突出。为了证明其目前的价值,奈飞在十年内的总营业利润必须达到美国所有娱乐公司今年一年利润的一半。“如果耶稣是一支股票,那他肯定是奈飞,”一位精明的投资者说。“你不相信,肯定得后悔。”
There are plenty of reasons to doubt. The company has amassed $8.5bn of debt. Reed Hastings, its chief executive, has said it will continue borrowing billions “for many years”; free cashflow is expected to remain negative for some time. That strategy will pay off if Netflix can raise prices while continuing to add subscribers—26m in the 12 months to March 31st. But competition is becoming more intense. And in countries without “net neutrality” protections, owners of wireless or broadband infrastructure that also control content-makers may use their distribution clout to favour their own material.
让人怀疑的理由也有很多。公司已经累积达85亿美元的债务,奈飞的董事长里德·哈斯廷声称会在几年内继续贷几十亿。在一段时间内,可支配的现金流仍将为负。如果奈飞能够提高价格,并且在截至3月31号的12个月里持续增加2600万的用户,这个策略才会取得成功。但是竞争越来越激烈了。在没有“网络中立”保护的国家,无线或者宽带基础设施的所有者同样也控制着内容制作者,他们可能运用发行上的影响力对自己的产品给予更多优惠。
The long-term risk for Netflix, paradoxically, is if today’s dizzying valuation proves not to be too high, but accurate. The techlash has been driven partly by fears that centralised digital platforms will end up throttling competition (see our special report). Some suspect that Netflix harbours ambitions to monopolise TV. Such a move would concentrate enormous amounts of cultural power in the hands of a few content commissioners and algorithms. It would hollow out support for public-service broadcasters, by reducing their audience, and risk leaving poorer users with fewer affordable entertainment options. And it would inevitably find it much harder to avoid the attention of regulators. Here, then, is a final lesson that applies to Netflix, and all tech firms. To keep consumers, regulators and politicians happy over the long term, there is no substitute for competition.
矛盾的是,奈飞的长期风险在于如今令人乍舌的估值是否能被证实是准确的而非虚高。对集中数字平台的恐惧在一定程度上驱动着技术冲击终结对竞争的压制(请看特别报道)。一些人质疑Netflix有垄断电视的野心,这一举动将会把在一些内容委员会和内容算法手中巨量的文化力量集中起来。它将通过减少观众的数量来减少对公共服务广播公司的支持,并有可能让更贫穷的用户拥有更少的可负担得起的娱乐选择。而且,奈飞将会不可避免地发现它将难以躲过监管者的注意。在这里,对于奈飞和其他所有科技公司最后的经验教训是:除了竞争,没有什么替代品可以让消费者、监管者以及政客们笑口常开。
翻译组:
Cece,女,消防工作者,CATTI三笔
Aileen,女,大四数学狗 经济学人粉丝
Wesley,男,自由职业,经济学人铁粉
Doris,女,法律学习者,经济学人爱好者
校核组:
Rena,女,国际学校老师,经济学人爱好者
Charlotte,女,研究僧,经济学人爱好者
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观点|评论|思考
本次观点由Neil和Damon奉献
观点一:Neil, 男,外贸民工,经济学人铁粉
第一次听到NETFLIX是14年开始追火的一塌糊涂的美剧《纸牌屋》。就像明星之所以出名,总有些代表作(除Angelababy ,鹿晗等鲜肉明星外).Netflix凭借《纸牌屋》红遍大江南北。截止6月29日,奈飞股票已高达1700亿美元,领先迪士尼的1562亿美元,坐稳了全球媒体行业“一哥”的宝座。
和大多数报道一样,经济学人分析Netflix看起来在娱乐业,但其实他是个科技公司,NETFLIX最核心的竞争力是内容和技术。内容上,NETFLIX为了保持高质量的原创内容输出,2018年将投入130-140亿美元,比2017年高出30-40亿。仅仅高出的支出就足以支付对手HBO一年的投入。但是随着AT&T和时代华纳并购、康卡斯特寻求大量收购媒体行业,渠道商和内容商的整合也会投入更多到内容,NETFLIX将面临压力。
技术上,NETFLIX一直开着业内顶薪挖掘IT工程师。相比较媒体对手,NETFLIX尚存技术优势,但与科技巨头比,并无明显技术优势。目前NETFLIX是FAANGs中估值最低,市盈率最高。现金流更为强大的亚马逊、谷歌、苹果等巨头也更有资金实力专注于媒体内容。奈飞的未来还是充满挑战。
观点二:Damon, 男,钢管搬运工,经济学人铁粉
真的是好久不写感想了,在华哥的一再要求下,我就胡乱写一点。

首先我们来看看NETFLIX AND CHILL,这是一句美国俚语,如果您的女性朋友给你发了一个NETFLIX AND CHILL,千万不要以为她只是约你撸剧,都是成年人,她是想撸你的管,所以don't be so naive。
其次说到NETFLIX,我知道大家只想着NETFLIX AND CHILL(约pao),而小编我想到的是曾经辉煌一时的租碟公司blockbuster,各种碟,日本,泰国,新加坡,马来西亚等等,然而就因为超期要收逾期费,码农Reed Hastings(后来Netflix老板)觉得不爽,就自己搞了个NETFLIX,也是租碟,但是实行会员制而且没有实体店(邮递到家),没有逾期费,反正算起来比blockbuster划算很多,就这样10几年后blockbuster就被干死了。
最后我想说下昨天看的一部商业纪录片《大品牌的幕后英雄》,纪录片中有一集是以分众传媒为例子,主要说的是分众传媒在一开始的几年中一直是以服务为导向,一切都是为了更好的服务受众,所以没几年就登陆美国资本市场。然而之后,一切以华尔街为导向,利润各种财务报表等等,不断并购新的公司,偏离了原来的初衷,所以股价暴跌了百分之90,最后又回到了以服务用户为导向的价值观,公司又开始蒸蒸日上,董事长江南春的有句话到现在一直在小编脑海中萦绕:人生以服务为目的,赚钱是顺便的事情。扯了这么多,联系奈飞,真的是有惊人的共同点:都以服务好用户为第一要素,利用各种技术手段让用户享受更优质的服务,服务好了,赚钱就是顺便的事情。除此之外,奈飞能够取得巨大成功的另一个原因是:内容为王。原创的视频内容才有定价权,否则只会受制于人。
4
愿景
小组
现有一经济学人大群,如果您也有兴趣,可联系小编WeChat : foxwulihua。