1. always/ often/ frequently/ often/ usually/ sometimes/ neverⅠ. 这几个词都是表频度的副词，它们之间的区别可用百分比来区分：（0%）→（20%）→ （70%）→（75%）→（100%）从不 —→ 有时 —→ 时常 —→ 通常 —→ 总是即：never (0%) → sometimes (20%) → often/ frequently (70%) → usually (75%) → always (100%)Ⅱ always “永远、总是”。与进行时连用时，表“再三地、老是”等意思。有时还表“生气或不耐烦”等盛情色彩。如：① The sun always rises in the east.太阳总是从东方升起。② I always get up at seven o’clock.我总是在七点钟起身。③ The boy is always asking whys.这男孩老是问这问那没个完。Ⅲ often “时常、常常”强调经常性。如：① He often comes here to see me. 他时常到这儿来看我。② We have often been there.Ⅳ frequently “时常、屡次”常与often 通用。但它强调次数频繁。如：① Business frequently brings him to Shanghai.他时常因事到上海去。② He frequently comes here to see her.他时常到这儿来看她。Ⅴ usually “经常”其动作频率仅次于always.常常与一般过时，一般现在时连用。① I usually get up at six in the morning.Ⅵ never “从不”是否定副词。常常与完成时连用。① I have never been to the Great Wall.② She said she had never gone there.2. edge/ sideⅠ.edge侧重于指很窄的 “边缘”, 如刀刃或沿边的一部分.如:Put some salt on the edge of your plate.在你的盘子边上放些盐.Ⅱ.side “边, 旁边” 有时与edge同义,有时指 “(东西的)侧面”, “(一个)方面”, “(身体的)侧边”,如:He is on the far side of the room. 他在房间的那边。3. among/ between/ in the middle ofⅠ. among “在……之中/中间” 指三者或三者以上。通常表某个范围。如：① Someone is wrong among us.我们中间有人错了。② There is a small village among the mountains.大山之间有座小村庄。Ⅱ. between “在…之间”指在二者之间，有时与and 连用。如：① There is a river between us.在我们两人之间有一条河。② I’m standing between a house and a big tree.我站在一座房子和一棵大树中间。Ⅲ. in the middle of “在……中间”指在某事物中间，强调事物的两端的中间。如：There is a bus stop in the middle of the road.在这条公路中间有个车站。4. animal/ beastⅠ. animal “动物” 是区别于植物而言，是动物的总称，通常指兽、鸟、虫、鱼等。如：① It’s an animal of monkey kind.这是一种属于猴类的动物。② The animal is hungry. 这个动物饿了。Ⅱ. beast “四足动物”通常指不包括爬行动物的较大的四足动物。如：① The camel is a beast of burden.骆驼是负重的动物。② The tiger is a beast of prey. 老虎是猛兽。5. another/ other/ moreⅠ. 名词前表示具有增加意义的“还、再”，一般用 more 和 another. more放在数词之后，而another 放在数词之前；有时也可以用 other, 但other具有“不同”之意。保留它本意“别的”。如：① one more thing, one other thing, another thing都表示“还有一件事”之意，如：② I want three more / other books.= I want another three books.我还要三本书。③ I stayed there three more days. = I stayed there another three days. 我在那儿又呆了三天。（这里不用other， 因day与day没有不同之意。）④ We need three more / another three hands to do the job.我们还需要三个人做这项工作。（这里不用other ， 因不强调人与人的不同。）⑤ He works on the Great Green Wall with many other people. 他与别的许多人一块在绿色长城上工作。（ other 没有增加之意，表除自己以外的别的人。）6. another/ the other/ other/ others/ the othersⅠ. another 指不定数目中的“另一个、又一个” （三个以上）用来代替或修饰可数名词。如：I don’t think the coat is good enough. Can you show me another?Ⅱ. other 泛指“另外的”修饰复数名词。如：We study Chinese, maths, English and other subjects.Ⅲ. others 泛指“另外的人或物”， 但不指其余的人或物的全部。如：Some like swimming, others like boating.Ⅳ. the other 指两个中的“另一个”如：He has two sons, one is in Shanghai, the other is in Beijing.Ⅴ. the others 特指某一范围内的“其余全部的人或物”如：There are thirty books on the bookshelf. Five are mine, the others are my father’s.7. answer/ replyⅠ. answer “回答、答复”。是最普通的用语，包括用口头、书面或行动回答。它可以用作及物动词或不及物动词。如：① He answered my question.② It is a difficult question to answer.这是一个难以回答的问题。③ Please answer my letter as soon as possible.④ They left a boy to answer the bell.他们留下一个孩子应门。Ⅱ.reply “回答、答复”。 但比answer 正式些。它指用口头或书面回答。严格地讲，是指有针对性地详细地回答。 它也指用行动回答。Reply 常用作不及物动词，回答某人或某事。后接to; 当它与直接引语或从句连用时，才用作及物动词。如：① I didn’t reply to him.我没有答复他。② He replied that he might go. 他回答说他可能去。8. any/ either二者所指的相关名词或代词的数量不同。Ⅰ. any 指二个以上的“任意一个”人/物。如：When can you go with me to the city?Any day of this week will do.什么时候你能陪我去城里？这个星期的哪天都行。Ⅱ. either 一般指两个中的“任意一个”且其后不能接不可数名词。如：Can you come on Friday or Saturday?Either will do .你能在星期五还是星期六来吗？哪天都行。9. any/ someⅠ.any “一些、一点、（有时不宜译出）” 一般用于疑问句、否定句。 如：① Have you any new books? 你有（什么）新书吗？No, I have not any new books. 我没什么新书。② Have you any money with you? 你身边带了一些钱吗？Ⅱ.some “一些、一点” 一般用于肯定句。如：① I have some new books. 我有一些新书。[注意]：① any用于肯定句中时，表“任何……、随便……”等意思。 如You may come at any time. 你随便什么时候来都可以。②some 用于疑问句时，表“期望得到肯定的回答”或“邀请”或“请求”等意思。通常用在带情态动词的问句是。如：1. Aren’t there some envelops in that drawer?那个抽屉不是有些信封吗？2. Would you have some tea?您喝点茶吗？10. anyone/ any oneⅠ. anyone “任何人”其后不跟of 短语。如：Is there anyone at home?Ⅱ. any one “任何人/物”其后可跟 of 短语。如：I’ll send you any one of these pens.[注意]：类似的用法还有：everyone & every one. 11. arise/ riseⅠ. rise “升起、起来”它表“起床”的意义时比 get up 正式 ，但不如get up 常用。如：① The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。② The Chinese people have risen to their feet.中国人民站起来了。③ He rises very early. 他起床很早。Ⅱ. arise “出现、发生”。它虽然可表“升起、起来、起床等意思，但现在一般不用于此义，特别是在口语中。如：① A new problem has arisen.出现了一个新的问题。② How did the quarrel arise?争吵是怎样发生的？12. arms/ weaponⅠ. arms (pl) “武器”着重指用于战争的具体的武器，如枪、炮等。 如：① The black people there have taken up arms to defend themselves.那里的黑人已拿起武器自卫。② The soldiers had plenty of arms and ammunition!士兵们有充足的武器和弹药。③ Lay down your arms! 放下（你们的）武器！Ⅱ. weapon “武器”单、复数形式都用。它意义比arms 广泛，除指用于战争的各种武器之外，还指虽然不是为战争而制造，但可以用作进攻或防守的器具。如：槌、石子等。此外，weapon 还可以用于借喻。如：① The atom bomb is a weapon of mass slaughter.原子弹是一种大规模屠杀的武器。② Look to your weapons. 当心你的武器。③ A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.外国语是人生斗争的一种武器。13. around/ roundⅠ. around 与 round 都可以用着前置词和副词。Ⅱ. around “在……周围”“在周围”“循环地”。表静止的位置。如：① They sat around the table.他们围绕桌子坐着。② I found nobody around.我发现周围没有一个人。Ⅲ. round “环绕……周围、循环地”表一种活动的状况。如：① The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。② A wheel goes round.轮子旋转着。[注意]：这两个词现在可以通用，只是around 多用于美国，round多用于英国。14. arrive/ reach/ get toⅠ. arrive, reach, get to 均有“到达”之意，意义基本相同，但 arrive (in)/ (at) 与 reach, 是正式用语，get to 是通俗用词，常用于口语。Ⅱ. arrive 是不及物动词，表到达什么地点时，后面应接前置词in或at, 一般说，到达一个大地方常用in, 到达较小的地方常用at, 但这不绝对的。（与地点副词连用时当然不用任何前置词）如：① He arrived in Beijing yesterday.② When he arrived at the stop, the bus had left.Ⅲ. reach 是及物动词，后面直接跟表地点的名词。如：When does the train reach London?Ⅳ. get to 只是较口语化。接地点副词时不用to. 如：① He got to the shop at 5:00 o’clock this afternoon.② When I got there, the film had been on for 5 minutes.15. article/ essay/ compositionⅠ. article “文章、论文”通常指记叙文或论文。如：① The article explains how the machine works.这篇文章说明了这部机器怎样开动的道理。② There is an article on education in the paper.报纸上有一篇论教育的文章。Ⅱ. essay “文章、论文”通常指文学上散文、随笔、杂文等；也指学术性论文。如：① We shall read Lu Xun’s essays .我们将读鲁迅的杂文。② Can you write an essay in English?你能用英文写一篇论文吗？Ⅲ. composition “写作、作文”。 尤指学习语文者为练习写作而做的作文。如：① He is learning composition.他在学习写作。② The students were required to write a composition in English.要学生写一篇英语作文。 16. as soon as/ as early as/ as quickly asⅠ. 这三个词都有“尽快、尽早”之意。Ⅱ. as soon as 侧重于“极短时间内”。还表示“一……就……”之意，引导状语从句。如：① I’ll return it as soon as I can.我将尽快地把它还给你。Ⅲ. as early as 侧重于一天中的早晨或在限定的时间内再早点，以便能达到预期的目的。如：① You should arrive there as early as you can.你应尽早到达那里。Ⅳ. as quickly as 表做某事的速度非常之快或动作非常之敏捷。如：① Please read the text as quickly as you can.请把课文尽快读一遍。17. as soon as/ hardly…when/ no sooner…thanⅠ. 三者在意义上基本相同，都有“一……就……”，“刚……就……”，但它们各有其特点。Ⅱ. as soon as 最为普通，位置灵活，可在主句前，也可在其后。且可用作多种时态。如：① As soon as I went in, Kate let out a cry of surprise.我一进去，凯特就惊讶地叫了一声。② I’ll tell him as soon as he comes back.Ⅲ. hardly… when…的主句通常 用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，when有时还可换成before.如：① He had hardly finished his homework when the light went out.他刚写完作业灯就灭了。② Hardly had I come back when they began quarrelling.我一回来他们就开始吵了起来。（hardly 提前时，句子需要倒装。）Ⅳ. no sooner…than…句型中， no sooner一般只置于句首，所以主句有倒装形式。如：No sooner had I known the news than I telephoned my mother. 我刚知道这个消息就打电话告诉了妈妈。18. as well as/ as wellⅠ. as well as “也”“不仅…而且”意同：not only … but also具有连词性。① She is my friend as well as my doctor.他不仅是我的医生，也是我的朋友。② Small towns as well as big cities are being industrialized.小城市与大城市一样都在迅速实现工业化。Ⅱ. as well “也”具有副词性。大致相当于also 或 too . 如：He can speak Chinese as well.19. as/ because/ for/ sinceⅠ. 这三个词都可以用作连词，表“原因、理由” 但有区别：Ⅱ. as “因为、既然”表示的原因或理由是明显的。语意不如because强。当理由是明显的，或者被认为是已知的时，则以用as 为好。如：① As he was not well, I decided to go without him.因为他身体不好，我决定独自去了。② As it was getting very late, we soon turned back.因为已很晚了， 我们很快就回来了。③ As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi.既然在下雨，你最好乘出租车。Ⅲ. because “因为”表直接而明确的原因或理由。即必然的困果关系。在这几个词中，它的语意最强。回答以why 引导的特殊疑问句时，只能用because . 注意：because 不可以与so 连用。如：① He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.昨天他只得呆在家里，因为他病了。② I did it because they asked me to do it.我之所以做这件事，是因为他请我做的。③ ---Ｗhy can’t you do it now?--- Because I’m too busy.Ⅳ. since“既然”比as 较为正式，说明为人所知的原因。语气比because 稍弱。① Since light travels faster than sound, we see lightening before we hear the thunder.因为光比声音传播得快，所以我们先看到闪电，后听到雷声。② Since he can’t answer the question, you’d better ask someone.既然他回答不了这个问题，你最好问别人吧。③ Since you are busy, I’ll do it for you.既然你忙，我替你做吧。Ⅴ. for “因为”表原因或理由时，用以说明理由，只是解释性的。在这几个词中，它的语意最弱。它少用于口语中，也不用于句首。如：① I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.我请她留下来喝茶，因为我有事要告诉她。② We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors.我们一定克服粗枝大叶的毛病，因为粗枝大叶常常差错。③ It must have rained, for the road is wet.一定下雨了，因为路是湿的。④ I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me.现在我得走了，我姐姐在等我呢。【注意】：这几个词按语意的强弱来排，其顺序为：because—→since—→(as)—→for20. as/ when/ while这三个词都可以用作连词，表时间关系，但有区别：Ⅰ. as “当（在）……时候”往往可与when 或 while 通用，但它着重指主句和从句的动作或事情相并发生。如：① I saw him as he was getting off the bus.当下公共汽车的时候，我看见了他。② As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired.他继续往前走的时候，感到越来越疲乏。Ⅱ. when “当（在）……的时候”主句和从句的动作或事情可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。① It was raining when we arrived.当我们到达的时候，正下着雨。② Ｗhen we were at school, we went to the library every day.我们在求学的时候，每天都到图书馆去。Ⅲ. while “当（在）……的时候”表主句的动作或事情发生在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程之中。从句通常为进行时态。它有时可与when通用，但它只能指一段时间（a period of time）,而不能指一点时间（a point of time）如上面的第一个例子。又如：Please don’t talk so loud while others are working.别人在工作的时候，请勿大声讲话。While I am washing the floor, you can be cleaning the windows.我洗地板时，你可以擦窗户。
