「 死亡是民主的 」

Calavera Oaxaqueña, 1903. Relief etching

「 死亡是民主的 」
—— José Posada
墨西哥插画家何塞·瓜达卢佩·波萨达(José Guadalupe Posada)(1851 - 1913)以他的骷髅头(Calavera)而著称,这些描绘了人类头骨和骨骼的画作现在可以在墨西哥一年一度的亡灵节(Día de Muertos; 10月31日- 11月2日)上看到。
卡拉维拉(Calavera)的意思是「 骷髅头 」。但在18世纪末和19世纪初,人们用「 卡拉维拉 」来形容短小幽默的诗作,这些诗通常刊登在报纸上,是用来调侃生者的墓志铭。最终,「 卡拉维拉 」文学成了亡灵节庆祝活动中十分受欢迎的一部分。今天,「 卡拉维拉 」文学仍然富有生命力,发展得很好。你会发现:人们打印那些机智辛辣的小诗,大声朗读,电视和电台节目里也会播送这些诗。
A skeleton picking crops in a field while carrying a baby skeleton on her back ca. 1880–1910 José Guadalupe Posada
A skeleton holding a bone and leaping over a pile of skulls while people flee – Date-ca. 1880–1910
Skeletons as artisans Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1890–1910 Medium-Wood engraving
Profile of a female skeleton with a fur vest, from a broaside entitled ‘La Calavera de Cupido Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1880–1910 Medium-Etching on zinc
Female skeleton playing the guitar (vignette for the feast of the dead) Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1890–1910
1880年,Posada 开始为出版商 Antonio Vanegas Arroyo 创作他的「 死亡纪念品」,在市场上、节日里和大街上出售。
Calavera of Francisco Madero by Jos‚ Guadalupe Posada.
Broadside shows the skeleton of a drunken peon wearing a sombrero, serape, and sandals, holding a bottle of Aguardiente de Parras–a reference to Madero’s family’s maguey plantation and distillery operation. The distinctive mustache and beard further identify the calavera as Madero.
爱情的万神殿
José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) – The great pantheon of love, ca. 1910-1915
A skeleton wearing a hat having a drink (vignette for the feast of the dead) ca. 1890–1910 José Guadalupe Posada
A skeleton selling plucked chickens from a broadside entitled ‘Una Calavera Chusca’ Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1880–1910 Medium-Wood engraving
'El jarabe en ultratumba', (c.1910). Zinc etching.
Posada 描绘了工作中的动画骷髅,跳舞,狂欢,演奏乐器,哀悼死者,配上押韵的民谣和爱情故事。这些故事和波萨达的艺术表达了那个时期的社会和政治关切。死亡讽刺了虚荣和富有的人,包括墨西哥的独裁者波斯菲奥·迪亚兹(Porfirio Diaz)。Posada 的骷髅头,没有华丽的服饰和军衔,人人平等。
Cupid’s Skeleton Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) – Publisher-Antonio Vanegas Arroyo (1850–1917, Mexican) – Date-ca. 1900–1910 – Medium-Photo-relief and letterpress on buff paper
Skeletons (calaveras) riding bicycles Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1900 Medium-Etching on zinc
Two elegantly dressed skeletons walking, from a broadside entitled, ‘El Gran Panteon Amoroso 1880–1910 – Medium-Etching on zinc
A male skeleton on his knees before a female skeleton (vignette for the feast of the dead) ca. 1890–1910 José Guadalupe Posada
A skeleton selling hot liquid in basins, from a broadside entitled ‘Una Calavera Chusca’ Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1880–1910 Medium-Wood engraving
A skeleton wearing a bishop’s mitre reading a book (vignette for the feast of the dead) Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1890–1910 Medium-Metal-plate engraving
一个经久不衰的形象是卡翠娜骷髅头(La Calaera Catrina)或又称 Catrina Ljazmun,卡拉维拉·嘉班瑟拉(Calavera Garbancera)(整洁的骷髅、优雅的骷髅),这幅1910-1913年的锡版画已成为亡灵节的象征。
Calavera de la Catrina (Skull of the Female Dandy), from the portfolio 36 Grabados: José Guadalupe Posada, published by Arsacio Vanegas, Mexico City, c. 1910, zinc etching
Posada’s La Calavera Garbancera in 1913
「 在墨西哥,La Catrina 已经成为死亡的象征,在全国各地,人们都将她视为亡灵节庆祝活动的一部分;她已经成为了用粘土或其他材料制作手工艺品的动机,她的作品和帽子可能各不相同。」
A female saint standing with a cavalier and surrounded by angels and skeletons Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) – Date-ca 1890–1910
Two male skeletons in suits dancing (vignette for the feast of the dead) Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1890–1910 – Medium-Metal-plate engraving
Two skeletons smiling and dancing Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) ) Date-ca. 1880–1910
一具男性骨骼走在女性骨骼后面
A male skeleton walking behind a female skeleton (vignette for the feast of the dead) ca. 1890–1910 José Guadalupe Posada
A skeleton in farming clothes speaking to a skeleton in a dress, from a broadside entitled ‘La Calavera de Cupido’ by José Guadalupe Posada Date-ca. 1880–1910 Medium-Etching on zinc
A skeleton dressed as a military figure (vignette for the feast of the dead) ca. 1890–1910 José Guadalupe Posada
1913年1月20日,墨西哥革命开始3年后,Posada 死时身无分文。他被埋在一个没有标记的坟墓里。20世纪20年代,Posada 的作品被法国前爱国者艺术家让·夏洛(Jean Charlot)重新发现,并受到称赞。Charlot 称 Posada 「 墨西哥人民的版画家 」
Skeletons (calaveras) dancing and drinking, corrida in bottom section Ca. 1910 José Guadalupe Posada
A male and female skeleton talking (vignette for the feast of the dead) Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1890–1910 – Medium-Metal-plate engraving
两个穿着优雅的骷髅
Two elegantly dressed skeletons walking, from a broadside entitled, ‘El Gran Panteon Amoroso,’ published by Antonio Vanegas Arroyo. ca. 1880–1910 José Guadalupe Posada
这位留着胡须、戴着大礼帽和眼镜的骨架代表了安东尼奥·瓦内加斯·阿罗约(Antonio Vanegas Arroyo)(1852 - 1917),他出版了 Posada 的许多作品。图片周围的诗句列出了他的出版物范围。他右手紧握的那张1000美元的钞票表明了他的商业成功。这种对 Posada 的朋友和赞助人的幽默嘲笑是骷髅(calavera)的半讽刺传统的一部分。Arroyo背后的两个场景反映了他职业的各个方面。上层的商店代表了他职业的商业一面。下面是1907年,在一个从事校对和操作出版社的车间里的骷髅。
Grand Electric Skull (Gran Calavera Eléctrica), (c.1900-1913)
A skeleton in a torero costume turning away from a kneeling skeleton in a shawl and dress, from the broadside El Gran Panteon Amoroso – José Guadalupe Posada, 1880–1910 Medium-Etching on zinc
A skeleton covered with a sheet crying in a cemetery, from a broadside entitled ‘ Calavera llorando el hueso’ Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1880–1910 Medium-Wood engraving
Skeletons hawking their wares and shouting about teetotalers, drunkards, old men and kids, tomcats and working girls Artist-José Guadalupe Posada (Mexican, 1851–1913) Date-ca. 1900–1910
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