Margaret Archer是谁?为什么她如此重要?

写在前面:我所能想到的合理解释可能是现在中文译名不流行了?我从周四开始就遍寻国内关于她的译作或者是关于她所做的研究的“汉化"。不过这不属于我的领域,新手自然找到得有限,不过我看到豆瓣上“SociologicalTheory理论大缸第18期”提到时翻译为“玛格丽特·亚瑟儿”(昨天的餐前甜点:为什么玛格丽特·亚瑟儿如此重要?(上)),之后又在谷歌试到一个惊喜,放在文末了。

翻译外国学者的名字成为本国语言,这是一个我觉得很有意思的细节,在反映着不同时空情境下(不同时代、不同国家和地区)的文化想象。而我们对该学者的“中文名”施加的文化“臆想”,其实是不是某种程度上也反映了她研究的“人类施为者(human agency)”呢?

总之到这里还没有被吓跑的你,无论是我的私交还是陌生人,欢迎阅读今天的长文,感谢你把时间浪费在看我解读《Struture, Culture and Agency: Selcted Papers of Margaret Archer》这本书上。

我得啰嗦真的很长,我读了一天(其实也就写了一下午,夸张一下),又改到现在,还努力尽我所能地调整了排版(因为我觉得这个反映我的审美品味,必须还是要精细化一下)。

但我说这些从来都不是为了点赞或者高阅读量,我不在意大量,也不在意肯定,我之所以开GEO这样一个窗口,需要的是能深度交流的思考者和寻找志同道合的伙伴。毕竟道阻且长,我觉得自己一个中二少年改变不了世界。

另外得加一句,我选择了第三条路,偶尔用一下Maggie套个近乎,大部分时间都按照学术规范用Archer。(逃避可耻但有用呀!)


这本书*的三位编者都是英国大学的学者,分别是来自曼彻斯特城市大学社会学系的讲师Tom Brock,沃里克大学社会本体论中心的研究员Mark Carrigan**,伦敦大学学院社会学系退休教授、萨里大学社会学系访问教授Graham Scambler。

美国卓克索大学的社会学教授Doug Porpora受邀撰写前言,他坦言自认为无法对时间跨度如此之大、范围如此之广的论文选集做出评价,但点明了他认为最关键的两个关系:

Analytical Dualism and Morphogenetic/ Morphostatic(MM) approach

分析二元论与形态演变/定型取向

可这种二元对立的差异是常常让当代社会学界许多人都觉得不太舒服的(uncomfortable),无论主体与客体,文化与能动性,结构与能动性,文化与结构,好像总是令人膈应。而这种不舒服(discomfort)会导致“全部垮掉”(collapse),或者用亚瑟的话,就是熔合(conflation)

在社会学界占主流的实用主义者和布迪厄学派看来,主体和客体及其他笛卡尔式的对当关系的显著差异会被不属于实在论范畴的辩证法或习性“吃掉”。所以这种所谓的“文化转向”就好像张开了文化的大口,吞下了社会结构或者说组织结构(即弱化成了规则或模式),然后就有了所谓的“实践转向”,吞下了结构的文化开始和实践(能动性)来了新一波的“合体”。结局就是黑格尔的“黑夜观牛(night in which all cows are black)”。于是似乎就万般皆黑地迷失在黑夜中,那些想要把不同概念在因果关系中剥离开来看的努力是徒劳的。

此时Archer的“分析二元论”就是站在这种熔合倾向的对立面,大概就像是有人照亮了黑夜的明灯,你才看到奶牛身上有黑有白,分界明晰,虽然是在一头牛的身上,但是并不是你之前所想所见。

Archer正是逐步在不同时期的文章中明确文化与能动性的差异,结构与能动性的差异,再到文化与社会结构的差异,才有了2013年的“社会形态演变”学说。这三个社会实在论的三大本体性特征是Archer学术生涯中不断在思想激辩中澄清的概念,但这三者之间仍然是有些纠缠不清的。

为了厘清他们三者之间的关系,才有了MM取向。这两个听起来很厉害的词其实指的是社会形态的变化与恒常(refer to change or constancy of social form),这种变与不变会涉及到社会形态(文化与结构)和能动性在时间维度中的辩证(即交互)关系。这就有点像马克思的名言:

人类自己创造自己的历史,但并不是随心所欲地创造。

二元分析论之所以存在也就是要从施为者的行为中分清楚原初的和随后产生的影响或条件。

我特别知道自己把握不好这段,所以放上原文:

The analytical dualism here distinguishes both the original and resulting circumstances or conditions from agential making or doing people perform in between.

正是在这样的情境之下,人们才会发现自己-无论他们是再创造还是改变-都是文化的又是结构的。在文化和结构的MM取向循环中,人们自身的存在让这两个概念搅和在了一起,他们的经验让实际情况变得更加复杂了。

简单说来,在前言部分我们用一句话总结就是:

结构、能动性与文化(SAC)的两两关系、MM取向就是Doug认为的Archer的核心观点所在。

编者也为这本书写了九页长的导论,指出了他们的挑选标准是:

a.这篇文章是否能够指示Archer的理论如何发展的,尤其是结构、文化与能动性(SAC);

b.这篇文章是否能够让读者看到Archer作为一个社会学者的实质性关注点,如对社会变化和教育的反思;

c.这篇文章是否总结了Archer的研究如何成为了社会学分析框架。

所以,这本论文集先以Archer的“形态演变:实在论的解释性框架 (Morphogenesis:realism’s explanatory framework)”为导论,然后选取了她早期的两篇关于教育系统的文章

-- Thinking and theorizing about educational systems

-- On predicting the behaviour of the educational system

这两篇文章是她在社会变化与转型理论之花绽放之前的种子。其实看到最后会发现这两篇文章属于和Archer博士期间研究比较相关的文章,再次从侧面应证了这句话,博士论文只是你做研究的准入门槛,是你的研究生涯的起点,而不是终点。

每个人的种子可能看起来差不太多,但最终你的学术之树或者学术之花能够长成什么样,传播得多么远,才是更加要付出恒久的耐心与坚持,也正是你取得博士学位的意义。读博士,就是在学做研究,而不是要做出最好的研究成果。毕竟种子和种子之间的差别大部分人都看不太出来,关键还得看四十年后有没有人把你的学术生涯整理成书出版呀。

这本论文集随后的四篇文章就是能够让读者概览Archer的研究如何发生“形态演变”:

-- The myth of cultural integration

-- The vexatious fact of society

-- Morphogenesis versus structuration

-- For structure : its reality, properties and powers

分析二元论在这四篇文章中得到了充分的体现,同时读者还能够看到她如何与不同的思想与其他学者进行思想交锋,高手过招,招招过瘾。讲真,有时候看几篇文章的驳论,就感觉不输武侠小说中的华山论剑。

第三部分则是她关于“内省“的作品汇编。在这一阶段,反思是最重要的概念,这些作品都根植于此,我会觉得其实有一点点“know yourself”的调调在,当然她也同时在探索:结构与文化如何塑造(但并不是决定)人的选择。

-- The private life of the social agent

-- The ontological status of subjectivity

-- Reflexivity as the unacknowledged condition of social life

-- A brief history of how reflexivity becomes imperative

-- Self-government & self-organization as misleading metaphors

第四部分则是Archer自己认为属于“晚期现代作品”的三篇文章,这其中就有了从形态演变和定型取向(MM)的讨论,只是这回的反思不是向内,而是外延成了对社会变化的反思。

-- The generative mechanism re-configuring late modernity

-- How agency is transformed in the course of social transform

-- Trajectory of the morphogenetic approach

以上是纯学术部分,属于理论架构,就是硬菜,不过没什么作料的感觉,就是让你觉得厉害厉害,佩服佩服,但还不能完全感受到学者的个人魅力。

所以这本论文集在最后还有几十页都是编者对麦吉的采访,我觉得这样的安排很棒,可以再多一点。

其实内心有点喜欢看“学术边角料”的我倒是觉得可以先读后面的,再看文章,或者看完文章再看采访再回看文章,就比较有意思。

采访分为五部分,我基本上摘取只言片语来逗大家一乐,也丰富一下你对Maggie形象的想象(MC是编者中Mark Carrigan, MA就是我们今天的女主角Margaret Archer啦):

Part1: The London School of Economics

MC: What was the experience of graduate school like? How did it shape you intellectually?

MA: It was a huge disappointment. The whole process, how I ended up with the supervisors, which was a matter of allocation at LSE...

MC: But the influence of your supervisors left you feeling unable to pursue these questions?

MA: They were never satisfied.

MC: Were you thinking about what would come next after your PhD?

MA: I systematically evaded answering the question. There were plenty of vocation jobs, night jobs, weekend jobs…

Part2: Educational systems

MC: Did Paris prove to be a more intellectually stimulating environment than London?

MA: I was very lucky in having godparents in Paris. It didn’t cost me anything to sat. It didn’t cost me anything to eat…

MC: (go as a post-doc and be admitted to Bourdieu’s equipe) What was that like, as a working environment?

MA: Hilarious. Quite Hilarious. For instance, we would break for coffee at about 11 o’clock in the morning, and we’d go across the road to the Lutetia Cafe, which is hug. Clearly they’d been doing this for ages…

MC: But you were also working at Reading during this time?

MA: I got a lectureship at Reading. No good reason except it was close to London and very close to Heathrow. It made a bizarre life of three days a week in Paris and three days a week in London possible. Total cost of air round trip is 14.

Part3: The International Sociological Association

MC: What was the experience of being president like from 1986 to 1990?

MA: The experience was great. One year we went to Varna in Bulgaria and end up bring back clandestine articles that we published.

MC: How did this interest with your work at Warwick?

MA: Perfectly well. Nobody much cared. If anything, this was a feather in their cap that they had the president of the ISA on their teaching staff.

Part4: Structure and culture

MC: How did culture and agency, your next big project, emerge from Social Origins of Educational Systems?

MA: From what are simple questions, particularly in the centralized system. If culture is the football, what appears in schools and universities on the curriculum is a golfball inside the football. So the football is a cultural system and so is the golf ball, but how does the boundary get defined? You can ask the same question about a decentralized system. All these forms of knowledge are out there…

MC: And David Lockwood’s distinction between social integration and system intergation was crucial to developing your argument?

MA: If I had to do Desert Island Discs those 14 pages would probably be number one. I’ve got more and more out of that article the longer I’ve lived.

MC: Had you been reading CR work before walking away into the Centre for Crtical Realism? My sense was that Realist Social Theory is explicitly framed as a contribution to CR and Culture and Agency isn’t.

MA: That’s right. I think when I wrote Culture and Agency I didn’t know the first thing about CR.

MC: When did you first encounter CR?

MA: If you are asking me when did I first read The Possibility of Naturalism, which was the first CR book I read, I really cannot remember. Very, very shortly after Culture and Agency was published.

Part5: Human Agency

MC: How did your books on reflexivity follow on from your earlier work? Some people have seen it as a radical break.

MA: Well, I’d written a book on culture, another that really concentrated on structure, then I surveyed the field of CR. At the time, it was bloody weak on agency. It doesn’t say a thing about people…

MC: You were very influenced by Doug Porpora’s book and the approach he took to it.

MA: Yes, yes! Get rid of the bloody clipboard and stop treating yourself like a white-coated lab technician or medical person or psychiatrist or whatever. If you disagree with the, say so. I loved it in Landscapes of the Soul. If some subjects said something Doug disagreed with, he’d say” Well, I don’t think that, what makes you think that?” They’d end up having a wonderful interchange. There is a footnote that says something about treat them as real, don’t dehumanize them. What you ask of them, be prepared that they have every right to ask of you.

摘录结束啦~如果有任何不妥之处,有人联系我删除这么大段的引用的话,我会争取argue一下,但如果拗不过,可能会删掉。

但整体而言,我为什么辛辛苦苦把每个字打出来,是因为这些采访中的片段都是我觉得丰富了我看论文时的累心累脑。为什么这个学者的话这么难懂,这个名词到底什么意义?我觉得在这一些不那么正式的场景下,文本转化为对话中的语言,再转化为采访文本,是非常能够帮助新进入某一陌生研究领域的初学者更全面熟悉某一理论或理解某一学者的观点。

说到底都是人啊,所以我们可以看到原来发表一本专著之后发现啊呀有一个理论和我想法有很多的“所见略同”而我根本没看过。

谨以此文与初入陌生领域的学术同行共勉咯,你看我们心中觉得“世界顶级的学者”也曾经在读博期间、一开始工作时不那么顺心如意的,我们现在的迷茫和痛苦都是会过去哒~

好好想,好好写,好好干,再好好想,好好写,好好干,将来指不定也有这样的好事等着咱们呢!你心中佩服的学者来给你的书写序,还夸奖你做的研究,这么一想,就觉得真是充满了动力。

我的周末有点愉快,希望你也是,至少上面的采访很有意思吧!不够愉快的话,那就划上去再看看采访吧~

*其实如果我们直接在谷歌搜索“structure, culture and agency”并不会首先跳出来这本书,反而会有很多其他的结果,有不少也值得一看,但此处暂且不表。我们只看麦吉,而麦吉本人在在2005年出版的《The Blackwell Companion to the sociology of culture》书中写了一章,就叫做“structure, culture and agency”。(Archer, M. S. (2005). Structure, culture and agency. The Blackwell companion to the sociology of culture, 17-34.)

**2000年时麦吉出版《Being Human: the Problem of Agency》也是在沃里克大学哟,而且据维基页面看,她在那里当了很多年的社会学教授。

不能忘记的开篇小约定,关于Margaret Archer中文名的翻译:

不知道是谷歌翻译得老大哥腔调十足,还是我脑中的想象有点清奇地崩坏,所以搞一个投票看看读到这里还愿意玩个投票游戏的大家觉得如何:

投票时间截止为2017年11月9日0点0分,应该是北京时间。

投票纯属好玩,应该造不成什么影响,所以开心就好啦~

人活着就是要可劲儿折腾嘛~我觉得自己真是可厉害了~


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