为何人类人类起源非洲 《忽然》连载1-2

      这个纪录片底稿在2015年曾修改过无数次。为了压缩到10000字以内,最后修改得面目全非,不过上传的这个稿子还是比较丰满。核心就是这些,依然会大修。我们现在正在商议以什么形式拍,假如“囧知道”的好玩形式做你们会反对吗?


1.2 为何人类人类起源非洲

1.2 Anthropogenesis in African

人类到底是如何诞生的呢?

人类学才 100 多年,全 球史的形成也就是上世纪 的事,所以我们对于自我的 认识才刚刚开始,并不是所 有的事情都是清楚的。

现在许多所谓“科学结 论”其实都是科学家的猜想。 有关人类及文明的起源,更 是猜想或假设。下面就是人 类学家们的一些大致猜想。

Anthropology has been there for only more than one century as with the formation of global history. That is to say, it was only 100 years ago that we began to understand ourselves. Besides, almost everything about the anthropogenesis and their civilization are practically hypothetical. What follows are some of the assumptions of anthropologists.

All gnathostome animals, including humans, are believed to have been evolved from an ancient shark hundreds of millions of years ago.

灵长类动物出现于大约 4 千万 年前的非洲,然后分化出了猴子、 狒狒与猿人等。

Primates appeared 40 million years ago in Africa before they evolved into monkeys, baboons and humans.

再早,所有的有颌类动物都来 自一种 4 亿多年前的盾皮鱼,包括

人类。

猿出现于大约 3 千万年前。 2 千多 万年前进化出了类人猿。1 千万年前 非洲东部出现了大裂谷,全球气候大 变,非洲丛林变草原,有一种古猿在 非洲草原经过几百万年进化,最后成 为双足人科动物。

(人类进化)

Apes appeared about 30 million years ago and anthropoids were evolved from apes over 20 million years ago. The Great Rift Valley took shape in East Africa one million years ago when global climate changed and the jungles of Africa became grasslands. In the long run, a kind of Australopithecus there became Bipedal after millions of years of evolution.

250 万年前气候再次大变, 许多猿人消亡,但有一个支系可 能因智力因素成功应对了险恶 的环境而在非洲幸存下来,这就 是能人。

Another climate change of 2.5 million years ago had a huge toll on anthropoids except for one branch of homo habilis that managed to survive.

Homo habilis lived in the Palaeolithic Age, and they created Oldowan Culture in Tanzania.

所谓“旧石器时代”就是从 能人开始的,其主要标志就是东 非坦桑尼亚发现的奥杜威文化。

几十万年后,直立人出现, 他们普遍使用了火,最终他们取 代了能人。他们还会加工使用精 细的工具,比如阿舍利手斧。

(阿舍利手斧 / Acheulian hand axes)

Hundreds of thousands of years later, homo erectus emerged. They used fire and finely made processing tools such as Acheulian hand axes. The evolution of H. erectus in Africa 1.8 million years ago also marked a third turning point in the evolution of human beings: their going out of Africa. But they never arrived America.

直立人从大约 100 多万年前开始走出非洲,比如北京猿人、欧洲的海德堡人 等就是这些直立人的后代。180 万年前的格鲁吉亚是迄今为止 在非洲之外发现最 早人类化石的地方。这也意味着在此期间地球气候处于一个长时间的暖期阶段。 猿人和早期智人始终都没有进入到过美洲,说明地缘对于人类的发展一直是个决 定性因素,当然背后是气候的作用,地球一变冷旧大陆北部的人类就马上撤回赤 道地区。

( Probable looks of Neanderthals / 尼安德特人的可能样子 )

大约 25 万年前出现了智人。

Homo sapiens appeared about 250 thousand years ago. Neanderthals who mainly inhabited in Europe and the surrounding areas also belonged to Homo sapiens. We are late Homo sapiens.

We are also called modern humans.

这时期主要分布在欧洲及周边地区的尼安德特人也属于智人。

晚期的智人就是我们,我们的人类学学名是“现代人”。

非洲现代人很可能在大约 13 万年前曾离开非洲进入过旧大陆,并且他们可 能是从曼德海峡进入亚洲的 。

1.3 分子人类学与“人类出非洲”

1.3 Molecular Anthropology and Theory of Modern Human Going out of Africa

但现代人是如何分别到达全世界的呢?

非洲现代人很可能在大约 13 万年前曾离开非洲进入过旧大陆,并且他们可 能是从曼德海峡进入亚洲的 。但这次出非洲可能失败了,或者又被地球变冷杀 灭了。今天非洲裔之外现存的每一个活着的地球人,都是大约 7 万年前走出非洲 的一批现代人后代。

Some modern humans left Africa for other places of the old continent about 130 thousand years ago, probably through the Mandab Strait. But this group disappeared later. Everyone in the world today is the descendant of the modern humans who went out of Africa about 70 thousand years ago.

( Routes for modern humans going out of Africa / 现代人出非洲路线图 )

7 万年前现代人是如此出非洲的,现代人首先是进入亚洲、澳洲,然后欧洲, 美洲最后,这些顺序总体遵循了气候与地缘原则。

This group of people arrived Asia before they further entered Australia, Europe and the Americas.

The eruption of Tuba in India caused a drastic drop in temperature across the globe and with the dropping of the sea level, people in the east of the volcano migrated to the equator of Australia.

大约 12900 年前有颗小天体撞击了地球,造成了“新仙女木事件”小冰期,它 影响了大陆北部的人类活动向南急剧收缩,剑齿虎、美洲狮就是这次冰期的牺牲 品。

( Distribution of modern humans’ Y Haplogoups across the world prior to the Industrial Revolution /工业革命之前现代人父系基因在全球分布状况。)

现代人在这个小冰期之前侥幸闯关成功,进入到美洲。

About 20 thousand years ago, modern humans entered America and the first human fossils unearthed belong to a man of 16 thousand years ago.

(全球 67 亿人类的父系基因(即术语“Y 染色体”,本书英文用 Y-chrosomose 表 示,有些情况也用单倍群 haplogroup 表示类似含义)不同占有率,中国人所在的 O 类型在全球占据最大份额。但中国人不仅有 O 类型,也有其他类型。)

1.4 东亚和中国人是如何形成的?

1.4 The Coming into Being of Chinese and East Asia

中国人也都是大约 7 万年前出非洲的现代人后代。汉人的主体,也就是一个 以 O 型父系 Y 染色体为标记的现代人群,大约在两三 万年前进入东亚。中国人

大约在 1 万多年前基本到达今天的位置。不过中国地区至少四五万多年前就已经 零星有人了。

75% of Chinese Han population belong to haplogroup O. They appeared over 20 thousand years ago and came to the place where they are now living over 10 thousand years ago. However, there were already modern humans in China over 40 thousand years ago.

中国汉人大约 75%的父系单倍群标记为 O / About 75% of  Chinese belong to O

《忽然》连载:第一个故事1-1

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