万益学说◎东盟之窗 | 新型冠状病毒对受影响方履行国际商事合同义务能力的影响
IMPACT OF THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS ON THE AFFECTED PARTIES’ ABILITY TO PERFORM ITS CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS
新型冠状病毒对受影响方
履行国际商事合同义务能力的影响
Contributed by Matthew Yeoh, ASEAN Legal Alliance，translated by Qiuyu Chen of Guangxi Wan Yi Law Firm.
Many enterprises in China (including foreign invested entities) may be heavily affected in the production, logistics, international service, and other aspects of their operations, which may result in delays or failure to fulfill contractual obligations. Under such a situation, should the affected enterprises take liabilities for breach of contract? Is delayed performance or contract termination allowed?
The human cost of the novel coronavirus outbreak has been widely reported and the tragic consequences continue. In the commercial sector, we are seeing far reaching impact. China is the world's largest importer of crude oil, iron ore and soybeans and the largest exporter of steel; the impact of the virus on supply chains, production and transport has been and may continue to be significant.
Some companies, evidently including LNG importer CNOOC, have begun to declare Force Majeure (FM) in response to the difficulties they face, and the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) is issuing FM certificates to companies unable to meet their contractual obligations in an attempt to protect them from breach of contract claims.
The question arises - will this work? Will declarations of FM, or even FM certificates, be effective to protect Chinese (or other) companies struggling to meet their contractual obligations?
Many international trading contracts are governed by English law, and it is hard successfully to rely on an FM clause to avoid contractual responsibility under English law. There is no guarantee that a government certificate will make any difference - in fact, it might give Chinese companies a false sense of comfort, resulting in them claiming FM when in fact they are not contractually entitled to do so, and then facing a claim for breach of contract anyway.
FM clauses require careful consideration for a number of reasons:
A party to a contract will only be able to consider FM to excuse non-performance if there is a FM clause in the contract. Apart from the concept of "frustration", English common law has no general concept of "force majeure", and FM cannot be implied into an English law contract.
Even if the contract does contain a FM clause, it is still not certain that a party will be able to rely on it to protect against claims for non-performance as a result of the difficulties caused by the coronavirus outbreak. Because of their serious impact on the parties' rights and obligations, FM clauses are interpreted strictly - so it will be necessary to consider the precise terms of any given clause.
Typically, a party will have to show that:
- an FM event has occurred which is beyond its control; and
- it has prevented, hindered or delayed its performance of the contract; and
- it has taken all reasonable steps to avoid or mitigate the event or its consequences.
-已经发生超出其控制范围的不可抗力事件；
-该不可抗力事件阻止、妨碍或者延迟合同的履行；
-一方已经采取了一切合理措施，以避免该事件发生或减轻该事件造成的后果。
Deciding whether the virus outbreak is an "FM event" will depend on the contractual clause. If "disease" or "epidemic" is not expressly included, it may be that another term such as "act of God" (once described as "an irresistible act of nature"), or some other catch-all provision, will suffice - but that will require careful consideration.
Next the question of prevention, hindrance or delay must be addressed. How has the virus prevented, hindered or delayed performance? Many foreign courts are particularly alive to attempts to use FM clauses to avoid performance for economic reasons. English case law clearly demonstrates that just because a contract has become more expensive - or even uneconomic - to perform, that will not constitute FM.
Related to this question of performance is precisely what performance has been impacted. What if performance involving some other supplier remains possible? In most cases this will undermine reliance on a FM clause, but there may be situations where what is relevant is the effect on performance by the contract parties.
There may also be knock-on consequences of an FM event, including so far as concerns the tender of notice of readiness, cancellation rights, and the operation of laytime and demurrage provisions. There may equally be issues affecting costs incurred as a result of an FM event, such as quarantine costs, and who, as between the parties to the contract, must then bear these.
FM clauses frequently require evidence to be served in support of any claims and contain notice provisions which must be complied with to the letter. Claims for FM have been rejected by the courts as a result of non-compliance with notice provisions.
Assuming all relevant hurdles are cleared to trigger an FM Event, the FM clause will usually set out what then happens next - and an FM Event may not mean the end of the contract. The obligation to perform may be suspended for a period of time, rather than conferring an immediate entitlement to terminate. But a declaration of FM can lead to the recipient of the notice of FM ultimately acquiring an entitlement to terminate, so care needs to be taken as to the possible longer term consequences of reliance on an FM event.
There is also an obligation to mitigate the consequences of the FM event and performance must typically be resumed as soon as the effects of the FM event have passed.
In summary, we advise the client to firstly study the contract whether there is a FM clause, secondly the country of applicable law, thirdly whether there are provisions in the contract for mediation or some form of alternative resolution channels.
We are able to advise clients from China who have international commercial contracts with any of the ASEAN countries, as well as countries in South Asia, Europe and Africa. For further assistance please contact us through seelin@yeohmazlina.com.my or contact our cooperative partner Guangxi Wan Yi Law Firm through wywls@163.com.
作者简介
Matthew Yeoh 杨振崇
Matthew Yeoh 杨振崇律师，于1986年加入英格兰和威尔士律师协会，并于1987年成为马来西亚律师公会会员，同时具有新加坡律师资格，现任东盟法律联盟私人客户财富管理及国际房地产板块主席、中国-东盟论坛国际事务法律顾问、马来西亚老挝工商会主席。杨振崇律师于1992年成立了杨玛律师事务所，该律师事所为东盟法律联盟的创始成员之一。
杨振崇律师的专业领域包括跨境房地产开发、商事、公司并购等，曾代表马来西亚和新加坡客户在中国、缅甸和柬埔寨开展业务。是马来西亚中国工商会的法律顾问。
译者简介
陈秋宇
陈秋宇，英国苏赛克斯大学国际贸易法硕士，广西万益律师事务所专职律师。2017年，作为广西壮族自治区律师协会选派的律师代表之一赴马来西亚进行为期两周的中马交流培训学习；2018年，受广西万益律师事务所委派，赴新加坡亚汇达律师事务所参加为期一个月的交流学习。擅长处理涉外商事、房地产与建设工程、公司综合治理等方面法律事务。
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