TE||AI-spy
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导读
未来的人工智能，人类被支配
（创意短片，推荐观看）
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音乐| 精读 | 翻译 | 词组
AI-spy
人工智能间谍
本文英文部分选自经济学人Leaders版块
AI-spy
人工智能间谍
The workplace of the future
未来职场
As artificial intelligence pushes beyond the tech industry, work could become fairer—or more oppressive
随着人工智能领航科技业发展，工作可能变得更公平，也可能变得更让人压抑。
ARTIFICIAL intelligence (AI) is barging its way into business. As our special report this week explains, firms of all types are harnessing AI to forecast demand, hire workers and deal with customers. In 2017 companies spent around $22bn on AI-related mergers and acquisitions, about 26 times more than in 2015. The McKinsey Global Institute, a think-tank within a consultancy, reckons that just applying AI to marketing, sales and supply chains could create economic value, including profits and efficiencies, of $2.7trn over the next 20 years. Google’s boss has gone so far as to declare that AI will do more for humanity than fire or electricity.
人工智能（AI）正闯入商业领域。正如我们本周的特别报告版块中所阐述的，各类公司都在利用人工智能来预测需求、招聘员工以及接待客户。2017年各企业在与AI相关的并购交易中投入约为220亿美元，比2015年高出约26倍。咨询业龙头智库——麦肯锡全球研究所(McKinsey Global Institute)认为，未来20年里，人工智能应用于市场、销售和供应链上可以创造出20亿美元的经济价值，包括利润和效率。谷歌老板甚至宣称，人工智能将比火和电更能造福人类。
Such grandiose forecasts kindle anxiety as well as hope. Many fret that AI could destroy jobs faster than it creates them. Barriers to entry from owning and generating data could lead to a handful of dominant firms in every industry.
如此恢弘的预测点燃了希望，同时也带来了焦虑。许多人担心人工智能不是创造就业机会而是减少就业机会。拥有和生成数据的障碍可能导致每个行业都出现少数几个寡头垄断的公司。
Less familiar, but just as important, is how AI will transform the workplace. Using AI, managers can gain extraordinary control over their employees. Amazon has patented a wristband that tracks the hand movements of warehouse workers and uses vibrations to nudge them into being more efficient. Workday, a software firm, crunches around 60 factors to predict which employees will leave. Humanyze, a startup, sells smart ID badges that can track employees around the office and reveal how well they interact with colleagues.
我们不太熟悉但同样重要的问题是：人工智能将如何改变工作场所？使用人工智能，管理者可以获得对员工的超常控制。亚马逊已申请了一种腕带的专利，这种腕带可以追踪仓库工人的手部动作，并利用振动来促使他们提高工作效率。软件公司Workday对大约60个因素进行了分析，以预测哪些员工会离职。Humanyze是一家初创公司，销售智能ID徽章，这种徽章可以追踪员工在办公室的动向，并监测他们的互动情况。
Surveillance at work is nothing new. Factory workers have long clocked in and out; bosses can already see what idle workers do on their computers. But AI makes ubiquitous surveillance worthwhile, because every bit of data is potentially valuable. Few laws govern how data are collected at work, and many employees unguardedly consent to surveillance when they sign their employment contract. Where does all this lead?
在监视下工作由来已久。工人们对上下班打卡已经习以为常；老板们已经可以看见无所事事的员工在他们的电脑上做什么。但人工智能使无处不在的监管更有价值，因为每一点数据都有调用的可能。采集员工（工作状态）的数据几乎不受法律管控，当雇员们签订就业协议时，一不留神就同意了监管条款。那么这些都会导致什么样的后果呢？
Trust and telescreens
信任与监控
Start with the benefits. AI ought to improve productivity. Humanyze merges data from its badges with employees’ calendars and e-mails to work out, say, whether office layouts favour teamwork. Slack, a workplace messaging app, helps managers assess how quickly employees accomplish tasks. Companies will see when workers are not just dozing off but also misbehaving. They are starting to use AI to screen for anomalies in expense claims, flagging receipts from odd hours of the night more efficiently than a carbon-based beancounter can.
先从好处说起。人工智能可以提高生产力。Humanyze公司从他们给雇员的徽章中获取融合数据，以此来计算出办公室布局是否有利于团队工作。用于工作场所的传讯软件Slack，能帮助领导者评估雇员们完成工作的速度。公司不仅能看到员工们是否偷懒，更加能看到他们是否有行为不端。许多企业开始利用人工智能筛查费用报销中的异常，并把晚间异常时段的发票标注出来，这比那些代理记账的人们效率高很多。
Employees will gain, too. Thanks to strides in computer vision, AI can check that workers are wearing safety gear and that no one has been harmed on the factory floor. Some will appreciate more feedback on their work and welcome a sense of how to do better. Cogito, a startup, has designed AI-enhanced software that listens to customer-service calls and assigns an “empathy score” based on how compassionate agents are and how fast and how capably they settle complaints.
员工们也将会受益。由于计算机视觉的发展进步，人工智能能够检查出工人们是否身穿安全服或者在工厂车间有没有人受伤。一些员工会重视关于工作上面的反馈，并且欢迎这种提高工作质量的意见。另一家初创公司Cogito已经设计了人工智能加强版的软件用于倾听客服电话，并根据客服的同情心程度以及他们解决投诉的速度和能力来打一个“同理心得分”。
Machines can help ensure that pay rises and promotions go to those who deserve them. That starts with hiring. People often have biases but algorithms, if designed correctly, can be more impartial. Software can flag patterns that people might miss. Textio, a startup that uses AI to improve job descriptions, has found that women are likelier to respond to a job that mentions “developing” a team rather than “managing” one. Algorithms will pick up differences in pay between genders and races, as well as sexual harassment and racism that human managers consciously or unconsciously overlook.
人工智能也可以让大家的升职加薪实至名归。从招聘开始，人们常抱有偏见，但如果设计合理，算法能比人更加公正。软件可以标示出一些人们可能会遗漏的模式。Textio是一家运用AI来完善职位描述的初创公司，它发现，相比“管理”团队的工作，女性可能更愿意对一份提及到“发展”团队的职位作出回应。算法会发现不同性别和种族之间的薪酬差异，以及被人类管理者有意或无意地忽略的性骚扰和种族主义等问题。
Yet AI’s benefits will come with many potential drawbacks. Algorithms may not be free of the biases of their programmers. They can also have unintended consequences. The length of a commute may predict whether an employee will quit a job, but this focus may inadvertently harm poorer applicants. Older staff might work more slowly than younger ones and could risk losing their positions if all AI looks for is productivity.
然而，人工智能使人受益的同时，也有许多潜在的缺点。算法难免会受程序员偏见的影响。它们也可能产生意想不到的后果。通勤时间可能预测一个雇员是否会离职，但是这个关注点可能会无意中伤害到较贫困的求职者。年长的员工可能工作速度比年轻的员工慢的多，如果人工智能考量的只是生产率，那么年长的员工可能会世去工作。
And surveillance may feel Orwellian—a sensitive matter now that people have begun to question how much Facebook and other tech giants know about their private lives. Companies are starting to monitor how much time employees spend on breaks. Veriato, a software firm, goes so far as to track and log every keystroke employees make on their computers in order to gauge how committed they are to their company. Firms can use AI to sift through not just employees’ professional communications but their social-media profiles, too. The clue is in Slack’s name, which stands for “searchable log of all conversation and knowledge”.
同时监控可能会使人感觉身处奥威尔笔下的世界（Big brother is watching you，来自于乔治·奥威尔的小说《1984》中的一句名言，你永远处于ZF的监视与控制之下，并且ZF都可以因为你的一言一行将你逮捕甚至杀害。）。现在，这样的问题很敏感。大家开始琢磨，像Facebook这样的科技巨头们，是不是对人们的私生活信息知之甚多。公司开始监控员工花多少时间在休息上。软件公司Veriato，甚至可以追踪和记录员工敲击键盘的每一个按键，来衡量他们对公司的忠诚程度。公司可以用人工智能（AI）筛选员工的专业交流信息，还有他们的社交媒体历史记录。这条线索体现在在Slack的名字里，Slack是“所有会话和知识的可搜索日志”的首字母缩写。
Tracking the trackers
追踪追踪器
Some people are better placed than others to stop employers going too far. If your skills are in demand, you are more likely to be able to resist than if you are easy to replace. Paid-by-the-hour workers in low-wage industries such as retailing will be especially vulnerable. That could fuel a resurgence of labour unions seeking to represent employees’ interests and to set norms. Even then, the choice in some jobs will be between being replaced by a robot or being treated like one.
有些人能防止雇主们做的不要太过分。如果你职业技能目前在职场上是紧俏的，那么你比那些容易被替代的人更能抵制（被监控）。而在零售业等按时计薪的低工资行业，工人就是弱势群体。这可能会促使代表员工利益并制定规范的工会重新崛起。但即便那样，很多人的选择也是：要么把被机器人取代，要么被当作机器人看待。
As regulators and employers weigh the pros and cons of AI in the workplace, three principles ought to guide its spread. First, data should be anonymised where possible. Microsoft, for example, has a product that shows individuals how they manage their time in the office, but gives managers information only in aggregated form. Second, the use of AI ought to be transparent. Employees should be told what technologies are being used in their workplaces and which data are being gathered. As a matter of routine, algorithms used by firms to hire, fire and promote should be tested for bias and unintended consequences. Last, countries should let individuals request their own data, whether they are ex-workers wishing to contest a dismissal or jobseekers hoping to demonstrate their ability to prospective employers.
当监管机构或者雇主在权衡工作场所使用人工智能的利弊时，应该遵循三条指导原则。首先，在可能的情况下，数据匿名化。例如，微软有一个产品，可以显示每个人如何管理办公时间，但只向经理提供汇总后的信息。第二，人工智能使用透明化。公司应该告诉员工在他们的工作场所使用了哪些技术，采集了哪些数据。作为惯例，公司雇佣、解雇和激励员工所使用的算法应该经过测试，不能存在偏见和意料以外的后果。第三，数据公开化。不管是老员工想确认被开除的原因，还是新员工想调用数据向潜在雇主展示自己的能力，世界各国应当允许人们查阅自己的数据，数据都应公开。
The march of AI into the workplace calls for trade-offs between privacy and performance. A fairer, more productive workforce is a prize worth having, but not if it shackles and dehumanises employees. Striking a balance will require thought, a willingness for both employers and employees to adapt, and a strong dose of humanity.
人工智能是否获准进入工作场所，需要在员工的隐私和公司效益之间进行权衡。在不束缚员工自由，不损害员工人格的前提下，一个更公平、更高效的劳动力是时代的奖赏，值得拥有。想在两者间取得平衡需要深谋远虑，不仅需要雇主和雇员上下一心，更需要强烈的人文关怀。
翻译组：
Cece，女，消防工作者，CATTI三笔
Wesley, 男，自由职业，经济学人爱好者
Doris，女，法律学习者，经济学人爱好者
Alieen，女，大四数学狗，经济学人爱好者
Xiaofeng, 女，好奇心重的医疗民工，经济学人爱好者
校核组：
Samantha，女，外企低管，邓伦未婚妻
Eva , 女，经贸翻译学生，经济学人爱好者
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观点 |评论|思考
本次观点由Neil独家奉献
Neil，男，外贸民工，经济学人镀锌粉
未来的企业竞争力在于提高效率，降低成本。人工智能不断给我们描述未来是一个多么高效，安全的世界。无疑在当下，人工智能确实让很多工作效率提高：律师不再在人工检索文件上浪费时间；智能医疗系统可以快速给出诊断报考；生产机器人可以24小时不间断高效工作。
人类从未像现在这样解放我们的时间，释放我们的双手。人工智能也无形当中成为人亲密的伙伴。然而有一天我们的亲密伙伴变成了我们的老板，每天在监视评估我们的工作。这样的角色转变我想对于大多数人肯定是不适应，甚至恐慌。更为恐慌的是，人们已长期习惯在地球处于统治地位，如今我们却沦为被统治的阶层。
人工智能未来取代人类工作可以理解，毕竟人类的工作效率和环境条件都有限制，人工智能可以突破这些限制。人类发明人工智能也是为了更好地做判断，但AI不能像人类那样理解世界，当他们为我们做决定时，就变成了一个道德问题。如果AI能像人类一样思考，可以不依赖于人类做出判断，时间久了，我们人类除了是消耗品，这还有存在的价值吗！
各位大佬摘要
Aileen摘要：
老大哥在看着你 《一九八四》 乔治·奥威尔
Big Brother is watching you ---Nineteen Eighty-Four George Orwell
看看我们现在的生活，我们毫无防备地暴露在手机电脑摄像头的世界中，几乎所有的数据都被收集但我们已经习以为常。在AI大踏步向前的今天，它将如电灯改变照明，网络改变交流一样改变我们的一切。这里讲讨论它对工作空间的改变，通过利弊的比较，提出三点建议：尽可能匿名化，操作透明化，让用户拥有他们数据的自身处理权。最后正如文章所言，找出平衡点需要双方共同考虑，还需要一剂人性。
Doris摘要：
carbon-based 地球生命包括人类都是碳基生命
知乎：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/27534210
bean counter 算计的人
Humanyze公司由麻省理工学院的毕业生设立，通过一个类似徽章的传感器实时获取和传输佩戴者的情绪状况，将情绪报告和工作状态加以拟合分析，进而获取情绪对该员工工作结果的影响程度，为管理者的任务安排和团队分工提供参考指标。
人工智能日渐进入我们生活的方方面面，南京大学也专门成立了人工智能学院，人工智能对我们的生活的影响不可忽视。通过人工智能程序公司可以准确掌握雇员的工作方式以及工作习惯，通过这些数据来更大程度提高公司生产力，提高生产效率。但这同时也暴露出来这对于人们一些隐私的刺探，能否将工作与生活隐私划清界限是在公司利用AI技术提高生产力的一大问题。就如同网上曾曝光的家庭自用摄像头被黑客攻击从而导致“监控者”变成“被监控者”。AI技术在实际工作生活中的运用，也急需法律来规范，如这次Uber 无人车事故就给人们敲了警钟。
小凤摘要：
人工智能正在全世界如火如荼的快速发展，2017年公司在与AI相关的兼并和收购上的支出约为220亿美元，约为2015年的26倍。麦肯锡全球研究所认为，单单将人工智能应用于市场营销、销售和供应链就可以创造2.7万亿美元的经济价值。可以想象，未来人工智能无处不在，人工智能会给我们带来什么影响？是更少的偏见和歧视，还是更压抑的工作环境和更少的工作机会？
Eva摘要：
人工智能来了，令很多不明真相的人欢欣鼓舞。但是作为一般的劳动者，人工智能的到来会给我们的生活带来哪些影响呢.不难想象，如果我们不努力，增加自己的不可替代性，那么随时都有可能被人工智能取代，或者像人工智能一样听从老板遥控指挥，如同一个拴上线的皮影人，随着老板的指令摆动。也有人预测出最危险的职业，最普通的体力劳动者，翻译，司机，都有可能被人工智能取代，甚至目前已经有少数企业可以生产用于打印房屋的巨大3D打印机。
科技的到来我们应该去拥抱，但是，也要想到可能带来的影响，如何使人工智能技术逐渐被一般人熟悉，安全掌握并使用？如果因为人工智能造成大量的劳动者失业，如何去安置失业者？社会福利是否能承担供养大量的闲置人员？会不会造成资本过度垄断到少数企业手里，贫富差距会不会更大？
Cece摘要：
人工智能毕竟是格式化的过程，涉及到人们的工作环境时，需要按照人的特点进行调整，上面的三条原则也是人们在实践中摸索出来的，而根本的原则应当是遵循人们的需求，不断地找到真正恰当、适度、高效的使用方法。
Samantha摘要：
机器人可代替一万种职业，但它不能代替爱豆！永远不能！就这样！
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愿景
小组
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