这4样东西，才是“国家宝藏”
- 周末大咖说 -
《国家宝藏》简介
“欲知大道，必先为史”。
法国历史学家马克·布洛赫说：
历史以人类的活动为特定的对象，它思接万载，视通万里，千姿百态，令人销魂，因此它比其他学科更能激发人们的想像力。
中华民族五千年的文化传承从未断代，每一件文物都历经着岁月的沧桑。
CCTV大型文博探索节目《国家宝藏》，真实、全面、立体的展现中华民族的文化瑰宝，赞咏一眼千年中日日流淌、从未褪色的文化自信，感叹这承载民族过往而又影响当下未来的血脉精魂！
—— 摘自http://tv.cctv.com/cctv3/
Chinese Calligraphy 中国书法
01
Writing Medium 书写介质
The "writing" of Chinese characters requires a medium. As today's writings are mostly on paper, one may wonder: What came before that?
汉字的书写需要媒介。今天写字大部分都是用纸，有人或许会好奇：那之前又是用什么呢？
In the Shang Dynasty, characters were carved on oracle bones or bronze wares.
The Spring and Autumn Period was a time when the amount of writings and characters increased in great number. Hence new mediums emerged. Before paper was invented, bamboo and wood slips were important writing mediums while silk was used by aristocrats for writing.
oracle bone: 甲骨（中国商朝用来刻写占卜文字的龟甲兽骨）
bronze ware: 青铜器，铜器
aristocrat: n. 贵族
02
Writing Instruments 写字工具
Knives were first used as carving tools in the early phases of Chinese script. With the emergence of other specialized tools like brushes, knives began to serve as "erasers" - to scratch off writing mistakes.
早期的汉字最先是用刀来雕刻的。后来出现了一些专门的书写工具，如笔刷，刀就充当了橡皮擦的功能 - 刮掉错误的书写。
serve as: 充当
scratch: v. 擦，刮
Among the various calligraphic tools, the writing brush is special to China. It represents one of the four treasures of the study, which also include paper, ink and ink stone.
"Four treasures of the study": 文房四宝（包括毛笔、墨、纸、砚）
Chinese calligraphy dates from the earliest day in history, and has been widely practiced throughout China to the present day. Different from paintings, Chinese calligraphy uses Chinese characters as its vehicles of expression to communicate the spiritual world of the artist.
One does not have to know Chinese to appreciate its beauty since calligraphy, in essence, is an abstract art. It is so abstract and sublime that in Chinese culture it is universally regarded to be the most enlightening art form.
in essence: 本质上
sublime: adj. 庄严的，雄伟的；令人赞叹的
Just as one person's appearance differs from others, so one person's handwriting differs from the others'.
Through its unique word structures, writing styles and way of handling the brush calligraphy, as work of art, conveys the moral integrity, character, emotions, esthetic feelings and culture of the artist to readers and charms them with appealing beauty.
moral integrity: 德行
esthetic: adj. 有关美的；美学的；审美的
Chinese Painting 中国绘画
01
Silk painting 丝画
Silk painting is the work painted on silk. The painting unearthed in 1949 from a tomb of Chu of the Warring States Period in the southern suburb of Changsha, Hunan Province, was painted on silk with human figures, dragons and phoenixes.
丝画是画在丝绸上的作品。1949年从湖南长沙南边郊区的战国古墓中挖掘出来画作，就是画在丝绸上的，有龙、凤凰等图案。
It is the earliest work on silk ever discovered in China and measures about 30 centimeters long by 20 centimeters wide. From this and other early paintings on silk showing vigour and elegance, it can be seen that the ancients were already familiar with the art of the writing or painting on silk with brush.
unearth: v. 发掘，挖掘（埋藏物）
vigour: n. 活力
elegance: n. 高雅
Silk painting kept developing before the invention of paper and reached its artistic peak in the western Han dynasty.
peak: n. 顶点；顶峰
02
Paper painting 纸画
Paintings on paper appeared much later than those on silk for the simple reason that the invention of silk preceded that of paper by a long historical period.
纸画出现的时间晚于丝画，原因很简单，历史上，丝绸的发明要远远早于纸张。
In 1964, when a tomb dating to the Jin dynasty was excavated at Astana in Turpan, Xingjiang, a coloured painting on paper was discovered. It shows on the upper the sun, the moon and the Big Dipper and at the lower a man with a fan in his hand. The portrayal 106.5 centimeters long and 47 centimeters wide, is the only known painting on paper of such antiquity in China.
precede: v. 先于……
excavate: v. 挖掘
the Bid Dipper: 北斗七星
Since similar tools and lines were used for the earliest painting and writing. Painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy.
Chinese paintings usually integrated poetry and calligraphy with themes that include figures, landscapes, flowers, birds and other animals, offering more profound aesthetic connotations. Many Chinese painters are poets and calligraphers at the same time.
A painter often adds a poem to the painting, which invariably carries an impression of his or her seal. The resulting piece of work is usually an integrated whole of four branches of Chinese art - poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal-carving.
integrate: v. 使一体化；使整合
connotation: n. 内涵，含义
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