图4.盆腔淋巴结清扫术后的生存率。A,根据病理性LPLN转移状态分层的总生存率。B,根据病理性LPLN转移状态分层的疾病特异性生存率。LPLN=盆腔侧方淋巴结。并发症术后90天内无手术死亡。术后发生3~4级并发症14例(21.9%),其中吻合口漏3例(4.7%),切口感染5例(7.8%),盆腔脓肿6例(9.4%)。此外,7例患者(10.9%)出现尿潴留,均为暂时性;6例出院后行留置导尿2周,随后痊愈;1例患者行后盆腔脏器切除,自行间歇导尿2个月。讨论在伴有LPLN转移的直肠癌患者中尽管采用放化疗联合TME的治疗策略,如果仅行TME,而未行LPLND,仍有很高的复发风险。在本研究中,我们评估了接受nCRT、TME和LPLND联合治疗的患者的预后。nCRT后在高分辨率MRI上LPLN短径持大于5mm的患者存在转移的风险,而nCRT后LPLN小于5mm的患者未出现转移。本研究中采用nCRT联合TME和LPLND治疗后无一例发生LPLN复发。对于有LPLN转移证的直肠癌,以上结果支持对持续性淋巴结肿大≥5mm的患者采用nCRT联合TME和LPLND的治疗策略。在我们的单位,包括nCRT在内,LPLND的治疗决定是基于MRI对肿大的、明显异常的淋巴结的识别。本研究表明,nCRT后MRI显示LPLN持续增大(>5mm)时,近三分之二的患者有组织学证实的LPLN转移。因此,单用nCRT不能有效控制这部分患者的LPLN转移。这些发现与最近的一些研究相一致,均认为单纯nCRT后LPLN仍然增大的患者有很高的局部复发率【11,12,18】。在日本,许多中心常规地进行预防性LPLND,在这部分患者中经组织学证实局部复发率约为20%【13】。因此,可以说在有LPLN转移的患者中,nCRT和LPLND都不能作为一种单一的策略来实现最佳的局部控制。我们的研究表明,在接受nCRT和LPLND联合治疗的高危患者中没有发生侧方复发。因此,这种联合治疗策略在局部控制上是有效的。此外,即使是出现复发,也均是远处复发;而且,也不是所有的患者都出现复发。这说明LPLN转移是存在治愈的可能性的。结合最近的研究结果,我们的数据提供了进一步的证据来支持nCRT和LPLND联合治疗高危患者【12,14,15,19,20】。迄今为止,指导患者选择nCRT和LPLND联合治疗的证据有限。尽管单独使用淋巴结大小作为标准具有一定的局限性,但这一客观标准的高度可重复性使许多研究者考虑基于淋巴结短径的标准。但是,对于这些标准的有效性,还没有达成共识【2,21】。事实上,有两个主要问题需要澄清。首先,应该采纳哪个时间段的淋巴结大小作为标准?是根据nCRT前,还是nCRT后淋巴结的大小来选择nCRT和LPLND联合治疗的患者?基于nCRT可能使侧方转移淋巴结退缩的事实【7】,nCRT后LPLN的大小可能更具有相关性。这个问题非常重要,因为在西方各个中心nCRT是治疗局部晚期直肠癌的标准方案。本研究是在西方患者中第一次、也是样本量最大的联合nCRT与LPLND方案,探讨nCRT后的LPLN大小与组织学阳性之间关系的研究。最近日本的一些中心也开始将nCRT作为低位直肠癌患者标准治疗策略的一部分【22-24】。其次,在选择nCRT和LPLND联合治疗时,合适的淋巴结大小截断值是多少?最近的研究表明,治疗后LPLN短径大于10mm与盆腔侧方复发率相关,复发率为30%~60%【11、12、25】。在JCOG 0212研究中,淋巴结大于10mm被认为临床转移,并且被排除在随机化之外;尽管手术后证明,7%的小于10mm的淋巴结也存在转移【26】。在本研究中发现,nCRT与LPLN的显著缩少相关,而且nCRT后小于5mm的LPLN均无病理学阳性。因为有些大于5mm的LPLN存在组织学上阴性的可能,所以最大限度地提高选择标准的敏感性是建立截断值的主要目标。由于本研究中nCRT后大小≥5mm对LPLN阳性患者的鉴别诊断具有100%的敏感性,因此,我们提出nCRT后LPLN≥5mm作为选择进行LPLND的标准。长期以来,西方外科医生一直不积极开展LPLND,因为该术式存在损伤自主神经的风险,从而导致泌尿生殖器官功能障碍,特别是在BMI较高的患者中风险最大。但是,我们的研究显示短暂性尿潴留(10.9%)和吻合口漏 (4.7%)的发生率较低,虽然患者接受了nCRT,且BMI相对较高(平均BMI=28.3±6.4kg/m2),但未出现死亡病例。这些结果与JCOG 0212中报道的未行放疗的患者的结果相当(总的3-4级并发症发生率为20%,尿潴留发生率为5%,吻合口漏发生率为6%,其中1例因吻合口漏死亡)【26】。本研究是回顾性、观察性研究,而且数据是来源于单个专业的多学科直肠癌治疗中心,存在一定的局限性。因此,上述结果可能无法推广到所有单位,特别是那些仍然利用直肠腔内超声作为主要局部分期方式的单位,或者没有进行LPLND经验的单位。然而,这是迄今为止西方最大的单中心nCRT和LPLND联合治疗的研究。此外,本研究的目的是确定采用LPLND的标准,并评估nCRT和LPLND联合治疗的长期肿瘤学预后。本研究的目的不是比较新辅助化疗后是否接受LPLND的临床结局。因此,本研究只入组在nCRT后接受LPLND的患者,我们的分析侧重于LPLN的大小,因为大小是一个客观的、高度可重复的标准;而其他因素则不具备这样的特征,例如边缘不规则或异质性,虽然这些因素也可能有助于识别阳性淋巴结。当然,仅使用短径作为标准可能不足以确定淋巴结阳性。事实上,长径、短径和长径的组合,或其他形态学标准可能更好的细化LPLND的适应症,应该在随后的研究中进行探讨。另外,LPLN阴性组和LPLN阳性组之间LPLN的大小也有显著差异,但在nCRT后5mm的截断值可以避免很多不必要的LPLND手术。此外,这种选择性的LPLND的治疗策略避免了预防性双侧LPLND所导致的额外的并发症。在本研究初期,我们在影像学的指导下,对疑似LPLN转移的区域进行选择性淋巴结清扫。因为这种方法可能会错过目标淋巴结或其他隐匿的转移淋巴结,我们现在对侧方淋巴结区域进行整体清扫,以确保完全切除有风险的淋巴结。最后,我们没有收集详细的患者报告的结果,例如使用验证问卷调查的性功能情况;但是,有关外科并发症率的数据已经前瞻性的收集在数据库中,并在本文发布。结论直肠癌nCRT后LPLN≥5mm与病理学阳性密切相关,而且小于5mm的LPLN无病理学阳性,LPLN阳性的患者接受LPLND后无侧方复发。因此,我们的结论是,有临床证据显示LPLN转移且nCRT后LPLN≥5mm的直肠癌患者在行TME手术时应考虑联合LPLND手术。参考文献:1. 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