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导读
感谢思维导图作者
Mayof, 女，大三, catti三级备考中, 比较文学考研备考中
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听力|精读|翻译|词组
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大戏开演
英文部分选自经济学人Finance and economics版块
1MDB
一个马来西亚发展公司（一马公司）
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大戏开演
Criminal charges for Goldman employees and a Malaysian financier
高盛员工和一位马来西亚金融家面临的指控
In 2010 goldman sachs created a “business standards” committee to try to repair the reputational damage the financial crisis had done. Clients and transactions were to be screened for ethical shortcomings. Charges of money-laundering and bribery filed by federal prosecutors in a Brooklyn court on November 1st suggest that the investment bank had diagnosed a real problem, if not found the solution.
2010年，高盛成立了一个“商业标准委员会”，试图修复金融危机对其造成的名誉损害。这个“商业标准委员会”负责对客户和交易进行道德审查。今年11月1日，联邦检察官于布鲁克林法院控告高盛存在洗钱和贿赂行为，这表明如果找不到解决办法，这家投行将面临真正的麻烦。
The allegations relate to work done by Goldman for 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a sovereign-wealth fund set up in 2009, shortly after Najib Razak became Malaysia’s prime minister. Since 2015 investigators in various countries, including America, Singapore, Switzerland and latterly Malaysia itself, have been trying to trace the money it raised and channelled through a maze of financial institutions and shell companies. According to the filing in New York, funds were misappropriated to buy paintings, luxury properties and jewellery (including a necklace costing $27m), and to pay for parties attended by musicians, actors and models, and even a movie, “The Wolf of Wall Street” (fittingly, about financial sleaze).
这些指控与高盛经手的马来西亚主权财富基金1MDB业务有关，该基金是2009年马来西亚前总理纳吉布·拉扎克(Najib Razak)当选后不久创立的。2015年以来，调查人员（包括美国、新加坡、瑞士以及后来的马来西亚在内）都在试图追查高盛通过各种令人眼花缭乱的金融机构和空壳公司筹集和转移的资金流向。据在纽约发起的这一控告称，部分资金被违规挪用去购买名画、豪宅和名贵珠宝（包括一条价值2700万美元的项链）以及举办名流如云的派对，甚至被用于投资了一部好莱坞电影《华尔街之狼》（巧合的是这是部关于金融丑闻的电影）
Goldman’s role was to underwrite three bond offerings together worth $6.5bn, from which it earned $600m. That juicy cut drew accolades from the firm’s senior management, even as those who expressed doubts about why the client was willing to pay so much were overruled. According to the indictment, $2.7bn of the money raised went astray.
高盛在这一业务中承接了三笔债券交易，帮助1MDB筹集了65亿美元，并从中获利6亿美元。如此丰厚的酬劳得到了公司高层的特别嘉奖，公司甚至驳回了那些对于客户为何如此慷慨的质疑。根据起诉书，所筹资金中有27亿美元去向不明。
According to the filings, Goldman’s former chairman for South-East Asia, Tim Leissner, has pleaded guilty to bribery and money-laundering. He is due to be sentenced in December, though that may be delayed. One of his associates at Goldman, Roger Ng, was indicted on similar charges and arrested on an American warrant in Malaysia shortly before the documents were filed. Also indicted was Jho Low, a Malaysian who allegedly masterminded the plot. Goldman has beefed up its legal team, hiring a former deputy US attorney-general, as it seeks to persuade prosecutors not to bring criminal charges against the firm.
根据这些法院归档文件，高盛东南亚区前主席提姆·雷思能已经就行贿和洗钱行为认罪。如果不被延期的话，针对他的判决将在12月进行。他在高盛任职时的一个合伙人——罗杰·额也以相似罪名被控告，并在被正式起诉前不久由美国签发的一纸逮捕令于马来西亚被捕。同时被起诉的还有马来西亚人刘特佐，据称他是整起案件的策划者。高盛聘用了美国前副检察长来增援其法务部门，以期说服检察官放弃对其整个公司提起诉讼。
The indictment acknowledges that Goldman’s compliance department had blocked Mr Low from doing direct business with it and that its controls were “knowingly and wilfully” circumvented. But it also says that the firm’s “business culture”, particularly in South-East Asia, was “highly focused on consummating deals, at times prioritising this goal ahead of the proper operation of its compliance functions”.
该起诉书承认高盛的监察部门确实已经禁止刘先生从事与高盛直接关联的业务，只是它的内部监管被这些人“明知故犯”的避开了。但是，起诉书也提到了高盛（尤其是其东南亚分部）的企业文化“专注于做成交易，有时会将这一目标置于恰当的合规操作之前。”
Some of the diverted money was allegedly used to support Mr Najibs re-electionin 2013. Until this year’s election, which he lost, the Malaysian authorities continued to insist that there was nothing to investigate—even as Americas justice department sought to recover what it regarded as ill-gotten gains. But the new administration, which campaigned against kleptokrasi, is bent on prosecutions. Malaysian regulators are working with American investigators to locate and recover assets.
据信一部分资金被非法挪用于支持纳吉布2013年的再次竞选。直至今年纳吉败选之前，尽管美国司法部一直试图追回其中所谓的非法所得，马来西亚当局始终坚称竞选过程没有调查的必要。但是以反对“高层腐败”竞选上台的新政府，决心要对此进行检举。现在马来西亚的监管机构正与美国调查人员合作，试图追回资产。
Mr Najib, who faces more than 30 charges, including of money-laundering and abuse of power, will go on trial next year. In the weeks after he lost power, boxes stuffed with designer handbags, jewellery and cash were recovered from his residences. The publisher of the Edge, a newspaper which gave 1MDB heavy coverage, was arrested under Mr Najib. He has now been knighted. No one in Malaysia will work with Goldman again for a “long, long time”,says a prominent official.
纳吉布将面临30多项指控，包括洗钱和滥用职权，相关审判将于明年开始。在他辞职了的几周后，马来西亚警方在其家中追缴了大批塞满名牌手包，珠宝以及现金的箱子。曾因大量披露1MDB内幕而被纳吉布下狱的“边缘报”(The Edge)的发行人如今也被册封为爵士。一高级官员表示，未来很长很长一段时间内马来西亚都不会有任何一个人和高盛合作。
Mr Low has vanished. He is thought to be in China, though Chinese officials deny it. If he is, he may be hard to get back, since Chinese state firms may have been used to launder money from 1MDB. But there is speculation that Chinese authorities may hand him over if Malaysia agrees to honour big contracts that Mr Najib signed with Chinese companies, some of which the new government has already suspended. Mr Low could turn out to be more valuable as a fugitive than he was as a financier.
刘特佐先生已经消失了。根据猜测他应该身处中国，尽管中国官方否认了这一说法。即便确认在中国，他可能也很难被遣返，因为中国的国有企业之前可能也通过1 MDB洗钱。但有人认为，如果马来西亚政府同意继续履行纳吉布与中国企业签署的那些大合同（其中一些合同已经被新政府暂停），中国当局可能会移交他。作为逃犯，刘特佐可能比当个金融家更有价值。
翻译组：
Olivia，女，教育从业者，TE爱好者
Jasmine，女，税务，爱笑爱生活爱TE
Vivian，女，国际商务研究生，爱猫爱动漫更爱TE
校核组：
Forest，女，意义之网编织中，TE爱好者
Alex,男，工科研究生，文学与科学爱好者，TE忠实读者
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观点|评论|思考
本期评论员
Alan，男，金融工程硕士，经济学人粉丝
如果你的简历上写着曾经有过一段高盛的经历，甚至即使只是一段短暂的实习，那么恭喜你，你的简历将会在任何公司招聘的千百万份简历中脱颖而出，那是一个无比光辉的标志，表明你的沟通技能、快速学习能力、抗压能力、勤奋等等等等都比同龄人中的翘楚。因为高盛是业界的山巅，如果你能在高盛生存，你在任何公司都能活下去，即使不是叱咤风云。但是抛开这些高盛所拥有的光辉头衔。从经济的角度来看，我们真的想要更多的高盛吗？
高盛的公司文化极度讲究执行力和客户第一的原则。只要客户有任何的要求，高盛都会竭诚为你办到（高盛所谓的竭诚有些让竭诚这个词黯然失色了啊），二高盛可以每年支付上亿美元的诉讼和解费。
经济学认为交易能使双方的境遇都变得更好，从宏观的角度来看，正是交易的存在促进了社会分工，进而提升了生产力。但是这里有一个前提，即交易双方都对信息有着充分的了解。
现实情况不是这样。你看到路边的糖果店色彩缤纷就想去买糖，但当得知糖果只要五角钱的时候你觉得糖果一定是劣质于是决定不买。人们对商品并没有百分百的了解。而金融界在信息透明度方面做得更是惨不忍睹。其实很多经济危机都是因为信息透明度低下而导致的，比如希腊债务危机和08金融危机（哦对了，希腊债务危机也和高盛有关系，01年希腊为了加入欧元区需要降低自身的负债率才能获得资格，高盛帮忙在灰色地带利用货币掉期隐瞒了其真实的债务）。
我们人类生活在一个想象的世界之中，但正是这种想象，让我们超越了现实的束缚。比如纸币债券股票，比如国王教皇领导，比如法律，比如道德。法律和道德要求社会中的每个人都对其他人负有最低限度的责任，这样才能保证我们想象出的社会运转良好。如果社会上每个企业都能严格遵守法律和道德，那么社会的福祉总和就会达到最大。（因为卖假货的企业伤害了买家，高盛的假账伤害了购买希腊债券的投资人）
但在人类的进化史中，是自私才能保证生存，而非利他或者共赢。毕竟在物竞天择的过程中，个体追求的是自我利益的最大化而非集体的。而企业也是一样的，为了相同的客户，为了提高市场占有率，必须承担风险尽全力满足金主。所以毫无成本地就能让每个人为他人负责是不可能的，真要那样做反而会伤害个体逐利的激励。
如果要为一个社会设计最优算法的话，目标函数是全社会总福祉最大，约束条件是法律和道德，运算方式是个体的逐利和自私。稍有不同的是，变量在约束条件里，通过改变法律和道德来影响个体的逐利自私程度，从而达到最优点。
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